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Pathology bs > Heart & Blood vessels > Flashcards

Heart & Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

caused by the heart failing to pump enough blood around the body at the right pressure.

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2
Q

What is a syndrome?

A
  • caused by multiple things

- look for signs and symptoms and not disease itself

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3
Q

What happens when the heart does not pump as effectively as it should?

A
  • oedema - pulmonary (water in the lungs) and peripheral (in the legs normally)
  • tiredness
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4
Q

What can cause your heart not to pump properly?

A
  • ischaemic heart disease (dead tissue/ fibrosis after heart attack)
  • hypertension
  • valvular heart disease
  • arrhythmias
  • congenital heart disease
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5
Q

Why may hypertension cause heart failure? (brief explanation)

A
  • more pressure the more difficult it is
  • puts pressure on heart
  • make muscle get bigger and become effective
  • will wear the heart out
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6
Q

initially when the heart fails it starts to compensate, what is happening though?

A
  • leads to cardiac hypertrophy
  • leads to dilation
  • eventual inability to maintain normal function (this is when symptoms occur)
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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cardiac failure?

A
  • shortness of breath (fluid on lungs)
  • fatigue ( pulmonary and peripheral oedema)
  • fluid in lungs/ pulmonary oedema
  • all over excessive fluid-filled veins (systemic venous congestion & oedema)
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8
Q

What is the difference between acute cardiac failure and chronic?

A

acute - happens quick such as after MI

Chronic - hypertension, develops over time

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9
Q

if left side of the heart is involved in cardiac failure what happens?

A
  • fluid backs up into the lungs
  • more pulmonary oedema and SOB
  • raised jugular venous pressure
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10
Q

If right side of the heart is involved in cardiac failure what happen?

A
  • fluid backs up into rest the body

- large abdomen, fluid in the legs

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11
Q

Congestive heart failure is were both sides of the heart are effected in heart failure. what are the effects of this?

A
  • fluid goes into the lungs and rest of the body
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12
Q

In valvular heart disease what is stenosis?

A
  • failure of valve to open completely

- harder to flow forwards

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13
Q

In valvular disease what is meant by incompetence/regurgitation?

A
  • failure of valve to close

- allowing reverse flow

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14
Q

In valvular disease what is vegetations?

A
  • abnormal tissue growth on valve (fibrin, platelet and bacteria)
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15
Q

What are the under lying causes for valvular heart disease?

A
  • age related degeneration
  • infection (endocarditis/rheumatic disease)
  • after heart attack
  • heart failure
  • hypertension
  • IV drug use
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16
Q

What are the symptoms/consequences with valvular heart disease?

A
  • stroke
  • arrhythmias
  • ventricular hypertrophy
  • angina
  • syncope (fainting)
  • heart failure
  • infarcts to kidney and spleen
17
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

when lining of heart becomes infected/inflammed

18
Q

What are the causes of infective endocarditis?

A
  • when bacteria present in the blood (anything that makes the outside world come in contact with the blood)
  • mass of bacteria builds up
  • common in IV drug users
19
Q

What side of the is affected in IV drug users?

A
  • right side

- left side in others

20
Q

What examination would show endocarditis?

A

echo scan

21
Q

What are the clinical presentations of endocarditis?

A
  • sepsis
  • heart failure
  • new murmur
22
Q

What is pericarditis and myocarditis ?

A

myo (muscle) - muscle inflamed
peri (means outside) - outside of heart inflamed
- can be caused by anything that may cause inflammation to the heart (ie radiation)

23
Q

*In cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle) a category of this is dilated, what does this mean?

A
  • when its stretched so contraction is noit as good

eg. myocarditis, alcohol, sarcoid

24
Q

*In cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle) a category of this is hypertrophic, what does this mean?

A

wall of ventrical becomes thicker and therefore does not work as effectively
eg. storage disease

25
Q

*In cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle) a category of this is restrictive, what does this mean?

A
  • doesn’t give way as much and makes filling harder

eg. chemotherapy related

26
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • when heart muscle gets to big and makes blood flow worse

- common in footballers when they have heart problems on pitch

27
Q

What are clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • SOB
  • chest pain
  • palpitations
  • black out
28
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

when artery is permanently stretched

  • aorta is common
  • can burst and if major blood vessel can cause sudden death
29
Q

What are the treatments for aneurysms?

A
  • stents
  • surgery
  • reducing arterial pressure
30
Q

What puts people at risk of aneurysms?

A
  • age
  • atherosclerosis
  • ischaemia
  • hypertension
  • diabetes

Pathology bs (21 decks)

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