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Pathology bs > Injuries to cells > Flashcards

Injuries to cells Flashcards

1
Q

What can stress of the cell lead to?

A

-cell adaptation and if cell cant adapt cell injury

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2
Q

Cell injury is reversible, what happens if it is irreversible?

A

cell death, by either :

  • necrosis
  • apoptosis
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3
Q

Cell adaptation has four main types what are these?

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • Hypertrophy
  • metaplasia
  • atrophy
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4
Q

What happens with hyperplasia?

A

increase in number of cell

normally results in large organ

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5
Q

Give a pathological and physiological example of hyperplasia.

A
  • Pathological = endometrial hyperplasia if hormone stimulus continues (gets to much cells than normal, can progress on to cancer)
  • Physiological = menstrual cycle
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6
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size

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7
Q

What is a physiological example of hypertrophy?

A
  • body builders when their muscles get bigger
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8
Q

What is a pathological example of hypertrophy?

A
  • heart in hypertension (when high blood pressure causes heart to work harder, thickening of left ventricular wall)
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9
Q

What is atrophy?

A

shrinkage of the cell due to loss of cell substance

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10
Q

Why may cause atrophy ?

A
  • decreased workload
  • general ageing process
  • reduced blood supply
  • inadequate nutrition
  • loss of hormonal stimulation
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11
Q

What happens in metaplasia?

A
  • when one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
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12
Q

What is an example of metaplasia ?

A

chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux or Barretts oesophagus

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13
Q

In barrett’s oesophagus what happens?

A

squamous epithelium changes to columnar epithelium due to acid reflux leaking in to lower end of the oesophagus ad causing damage

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14
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

yes

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15
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of cell injury?

A
  • Hypoxia ( low oxygen supply)
  • Ischaemia (loss of blood supply leading to low oxygen and nutrients)
  • Chemical exposure ( eg. smoking, alcohol, paracetamol)
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16
Q

What are the other causes of cell injury?

A
  • infection
  • radiation
  • immunologic reactions
  • ageing
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17
Q

What are the findings of reversible cell injury (when looking under a microscope)?

A
  • cellular swelling

- fatty change

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18
Q

Cell death occurs via two main pathways, what are these?

A

necrosis and apoptosis

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19
Q

Which cell death pathway causes local inflammation?

A

necrosis

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20
Q

How does apoptosis and necrosis cause cell death?

A

necrosis - damage to cell membrane allows enzymes to digest the cell
Apoptosis - programmed cell death. irreparable damage to cells DNA or deprived of growth factors

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21
Q

Is necrosis pathological or physiological?

A

it is always pathological

22
Q

Is apoptosis pathological or physiological?

A

both

23
Q

In apoptosis how are dead cells rapidly removed?

A

phagocytosis

24
Q

When is physiological apoptosis needed?

A
  • to get rid of cells which have served their purpose

- to get rid of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes

25
Q

Give an example of physiological apoptosis when it is supposed to occur.

A
  • embryogenesis

- Involution of hormone dependent tissues upon hormone deprivation ( uterus in postmenopausal women )

26
Q

When might pathological apoptosis occur?

A
  • DNA damage ( radiation)
  • certain infections ( hepatitis )
  • cell death induced by cytotoxic T cells
27
Q

What does apoptosis result from ?

A

enzymes called caspases

28
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive
  • caseous
  • fat
    These describe what the necrosis looks like after it has died
29
Q

What is an example of where coagulative necrosis may occur?

A

Heart attack

30
Q

What does caseous necrosis look like ?

A

cheese

31
Q

What is the most common type of necrosis?

A

coagulative

32
Q

Coagulative necrosis most commonly occurs after…

A
  • infection

- loss of blood supply

33
Q

What is caseous necrosis normally?

A

TB

-Can be fungus but normally air on the side of caution and presume its TB

34
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis common with ?

A

common with brain injuries or brain infarctions or strokes

35
Q

What is fat necrosis ?

A

is death of fat tissue

36
Q

Which necrosis do you often get a hole in the brain ?

A

liquefactive necrosis

37
Q

Why does fat necrosis occurs

A

occurs due to activation of lipases

38
Q

What is a common example of fat necrosis ?

A

breast damage
can be secondary to trauma
normally relatively benign process

39
Q

What are the mechanisms of cell injury?

A
  • depletion of ATP
  • mitochondrial damage
  • influx of calcium
  • oxidative stress
  • damage to the cell membrane
  • DNA damage
40
Q

What are the effects of depletion of ATP?

A
  • ATP dependent sodium pumps ( electrolyte imbalance)
  • Increase intracellular lactic acid
  • failure of calcium pump (electrolyte imbalance)
  • damage to protein structures
41
Q

What are the effects of mitochondrial damage?

A
  • failure of production of energy

- failure of free radical production

42
Q

What are the effects of influx of calcium?

A
  • increased intracellular calcium
  • this leads to activation of enzymes
  • may trigger apoptosis
43
Q

Influx of calcium most commonly happens after what?

A 
ischaemic injury (lack of blood supply
after poisons
44
Q

Oxidative stress may happen after?

A

paracetamol overdose

45
Q

What happens after defects in membrane permeability?

A
  • results in necrosis

- various sites of damage this results in proteins and electrolytes being in the wrong place

46
Q

When may damage to DNA and proteins happen?

A
  • After radiation injury or oxidative stress
47
Q

What can damage to DNA lead to ?

A

can result in apoptosis

48
Q

what happens in intracellular accumulation normally due to alcohol misuse?

A

fat in hepatocytes (fatty liver)

49
Q

If you get intracellular accumulation of cholesterol in smooth muscle cells what does this lead to ?

A

atherosclerosis

50
Q

What is neoplasia ?

A

means new growth ( a tumour of some sort)

Pathology bs (21 decks)

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