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Pathology bs > Lower GI > Flashcards

Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute appendicitis ?

A

sudden onset inflammation of the appendix

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2
Q

What can cause appendicitis?

A
  • obstruction of appendiceal lumen by a fecalith (poo), calculus, tumour or worms
  • this causes an increased intraluminal pressure and bacteria invasion
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3
Q

What is the difference between visceral and parietal pain?

A

visceral - referred pain, pain in a different location

parietal - pain more localised

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of appendicitis?

A
  • pain centrally and then moves down to the right iliac fossa
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5
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

when appendix is inflamed it comes into contact with the abdominal wall causing localised peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)
- all the cavity can become inflamed in other conditions

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6
Q

What is the treatment of appendicitis ?

A
  • removing by surgery

- sometime antibiotics

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7
Q

What is anti-biotic associated colitis/ pseudomembraneous colitis?

A
  • Acute inflammation of the colon

- characterised by the formation of adherent inflammatory pseudomembranes overlying the site of mucosal injury

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8
Q

What are the causes of antibiotic associated colitis/ pseudomembraneous colitis?

A
  • c.diff that has over grown after competing bowel organisms were eliminated by broad spectrum antibiotics
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of antibiotic associated colitis/ pseudomembraneous colitis?

A
  • fever

- lower abdominal tenderness

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10
Q

What are the treatments for antibiotic associated colitis/ pseudomembraneous colitis?

A
  • consult microbiologist
  • stop current antibiotics
  • possibly introduce new antibiotics (specific)
  • hydrate patient
  • move to side room
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11
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • chronic inflammation conditions of unknown reason affecting the GI tract
  • two main forms:
  • crohns disease
  • ulcerative colitis
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12
Q

What is Crohns disease?

A
  • It affects from mouth to anus
  • especially effects ileum and colon
  • it is not continuous along tract, more patches that it affects
  • transmural inflammation (affects whole thickness of the wall)
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13
Q

What are the complications of crohns disease?

A
  • can have fistula formation

- can fuse bowel to other places ( can get fecal matter passing to other places)

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14
Q

What symptoms may a patient present with in Crohns disease? (includes some complications)

A
  • anaemia
  • malabsorption: fat, vitamins A D E K, bile salts
  • fistulas
  • extra-intestinal: skin, eyes, joints
  • increased risk of bowel carcinoma
  • bowel obstruction and perforation
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15
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A
  • affects colon only
    -Starts in rectum spreads proximally
  • Continuous disease
    (No skip lesions)
  • Mucosal disease
    (No transmural involvement)
  • May involve whole colon
    also appendix
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16
Q

What are the complications of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • Anaemia: iron deficiency from blood loss
  • Electrolyte loss from diarrhoea
  • Extra-intestinal disease: skin, eyes, joints, bile ducts (PSC)
  • Increased risk of carcinoma: related to duration and severity of disease
  • Need for surveillance for dysplasia
17
Q

What contributes to cancer in the GI tract?

A 
- genetics
FAP, lynch syndrome  
- chronic inflammation 
UC, Crohns 
- dietary factors
18
Q

What are the symptoms of bowel cancer? these normally only appear when cancer has developed?

A
  • depends on the site of the lesion
  • PR bleed
  • altered bowel habit
  • iron deficiency anaemia
  • weight loss
  • disease can be advanced at the time of the presentation
19
Q

How do we screen for bowel cancer?

A
  • in 60-75 year olds
  • faecal occult blood test
  • if positive refer for colonoscopy
  • look for polyps
  • see if adenomas or carcinomas
  • refer for definitive treatment
20
Q

What is the TNM staging process?

A

T - primary TUMOUR size
N - how many lymph NODES affected
M - any distant metastasis

Pathology bs (21 decks)

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