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Geography > Water EQ1 > Flashcards

Water EQ1 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

What is a closed system

A

No transfer of matter in or out of the system
No inputs or outputs

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2
Q

What are the 6 main water stores

A

Oceans
Surface water (lakes and rivers)
Biosphere (plants and animals)
Atmosphere
Cryosphere (snow, ice)
Groundwater

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3
Q

What is the % of water stored in oceans

A

96.9%

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4
Q

What % of water is stored in ice caps

A

1.9%

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5
Q

What % of water is stored in groundwater

A

1.1%

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6
Q

What total % of water is stored in rivers and lakes

A

0.01%

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7
Q

What percentage of total water is stored as atmospheric water

A

0.001%

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8
Q

What is the largest store of fresh water

A

The cryosphere (68.7%)
Then groundwater (30.1%)

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9
Q

What store has the longest residence time

A

Ice caps - up to 15000 years
Deep ground water - up to 10000 years

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10
Q

What store has the shortest residence time

A

Atmospheric moisture - 10 days

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11
Q

What is residence time

A

Average time a water molecule will spend in a reservoir or store

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12
Q

What % of freshwater is readily available for human use

A

1%

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13
Q

What is a drainage basin

A

A subsystem within the global hydrological system
Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
Open system

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14
Q

What is precipitation

A

Any form of water which falls from the atmosphere to the land or oceans

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15
Q

What is interception

A

Temporary storage as water is captured by plants, buildings and hard surfaced before reaching the soil

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16
Q

What is vegetation storage

A

Any moisture taken up by plants and held in vegetation

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17
Q

What is surface storage

A

Any surface water
Lakes, ponds, puddles

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18
Q

What is soil moisture

A

Water held within the soil

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19
Q

What is groundwater storage

A

Water held within permeable rocks
Aka an aquifer

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20
Q

What is channel storage

A

Water held in rivers and streams

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21
Q

What is infiltration

A

Water entering the topsoil
Most common during slow or steady rainfall

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22
Q

What is through flow

A

Aka inter flow
Water seeping laterally through soil below the surface but above the water table

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23
Q

What is percolation

A

The downward seeping of water through rock under gravity, especially on permeable rocks

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24
Q

What is stem flow

A

water flowing down plant stems or drainpipes

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25
What is groundwater flow
Aka base flow Slow moving water seeps into a river channel
26
What is channel flow
The volume of water flowing within a river channel Also called discharge
27
What is surface runoff
Flow of water over the surface during an intense storm or when the ground is frozen, saturated or impermeable clay
28
What is evaporation
The conversion of water to vapour
29
What is transpiration
Water taken up by plants and transpired onto the leaf surface
30
What is evapotranspiration
The combined effect of evaporation and transpiration
31
What is river discharge
The volume of water passing through a certain ping in the channel over a certain amount of time
32
What are the 3 types of precipitation
Frontal rainfall Conventional rainfall Orographic rainfall
33
What is convectional rainfall
Warm air rises due to heating by the sun, condenses at higher altitudes and falls as rain
34
What is orographic rainfall
Warm air forced upwards by barrier such a a mountain, causes it to condense at higher altitudes and fall as rain
35
What is frontal rainfall
Warm air rises over cool air when 2 bodies of air at different temperatures ,eye Warm air less dense so lighter, rises up - condenses at higher altitude and falls as rain
36
How does climate influence the drainage basin
Influences type and amount of precipitation Influences evaporation. Can have an influence over vegetation type
37
How do soils influence the drainage basin
Determine amount of infiltration and through flow Indirectly affect type of vegetation
38
How does geology influence the drainage basin
Impacts subsurface processes such s percolation and groundwater flows Indirectly alters soil formation
39
How does relief influence the drainage basin
Altitude impact on precipitation totals Slopes affect the amount of runoff
40
How does vegetation influence the drainage basin
major impact on the amount of interception, infiltration and occurrence of overland flow Impacts transpiration rates
41
What factors is the water cycle impacted on a local scale by?
Deforestation Storm events Seasonal changes Agriculture Urbanisation
42
How does deforestation affect the water cycle
Less interception by trees More surface runoff Soil no longer held together by roots so soil water storage decreases Decreased transpiration
43
How do storm events affect the water cycle
Land quickly saturated to field capacity No more infiltration so increased surface runoff Reduced replenishment o groundwater stores as less percolates down
44
How does seasonal change affect the water cycle
Spring - more vegetational cover and interception Summer - less rain, harder and more impermeable ground, more surface runoff Autumn- less vegetation growth, more rainfall Winter- frozen ground impermeable so increased runoff. snow slows processes
45
How does agriculture affect the water cycle
- Pastoral farming results in trampled ground - Ploughing for arable farming creates looser soil, decreasing surface runoff. Drainage ditches increase surface runoff and streamflow - Irrigation depleted groundwater
46
How does urbanisation affect the water cycle
Impermeable surfaces increase surface runoff and reduce floods lag time
47
What is a water budget
The annual balance between inputs and outputs
48
What equation calculates water budget
Precipitation = channel discharge + evapotranspiration - change in storage
49
What is a positive water balance
When there is more than enough water
50
What is a negative water balance
When there is not enough water
51
What is a river regime
The volume of water passing a measurement point or gauging station in a river at a given time
52
What is river regime measured in
Cubic metres per second (cumecs)
53
What factors influence river regime
- precipitation levels - size - levels of evaporation - geology - vegetation cover - human activity
54
Where is most river flow supplied from
Groundwater - not precipitation
55
What is a storm hydrograph
Shows a rivers discharge changes over a short period of time following a rainfall event
56
What is peak rainfall on a storm hydrograph
The highest volume of rainfall during a storm event
57
What is rising limb on a storm hydrograph
The discharge of a rover increasing due to through flow and surface flow
58
What is the base flow on a storm hydrograph
The usual amount of water in a river
59
What is the lag time on a storm hydrograph
The interval between peak rainfall and peak discharge
60
What is the peak discharge on a storm hydrograph
When the maximum amount of water has reached the river and it is it its fullest - could result in flooding so can be more than riverbank capacity
61
What are the features of a flashy hydrograph
- Steep relief - small basin size - impermeable rock - grassy vegetation - clay/ low porosity soil - high intensity precipitation
62
What are the characteristics of a flat hydrograph
- gentle relief - larger drainage basin - impermeable rock type - woodland vegetation - sandy soils - Low intensity precipitation
63
What latitude has the highest precipitation and why
Equator High temps result in heavy convectional rainfall
64
What latitudes see a positive water budget
Equator - high amounts of convectional rainfall 60° N and S - have low pressure where two cells meet and uplift
65
What latitudes are dessert biomes found in
30° N and S High pressure locations
66
How does water budget influence food production
Impact soil moisture Crop growth requires high soil moisture Negative water budget has significant consequence on food production
67
How does geology affect a river regime
Permeable rock can store water Their water is gradually released into the river through groundwater flow so river flow is regulated in dry periods
68
How does precipitation affect a river regime
Amount pattern and intensity varies Regimes reflect rainfall seasons and snow and glacial melt
69
How does size of a river affect a river regime
Large rivers has complex regimes Depends where you take the measurement
70
How does temperature affect a river regime
EVT higher in higher temperature environments and summer months
71
How does human activity affect a river regime
Urban surfaces quickly carry water to the river rather than slow groundwater flow Dams regulate flow throughout the year

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