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Tectonics Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Root causes of vulnerability in Haiti 2010 earthquake

A
  • Haiti heavily in debt to US, Germany and French banks- money spent on paying back instead of improving infrastructure
  • extensive corruption in the government
  • 80% of population under poverty line
  • 30-40% of budget from foreign aid
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2
Q

What were some dynamic pressures which made Haiti more vulnerable to disaster

A

Lack of :
- urban plannning
- disaster preparedness and management
- effective education systems
Macro forces:
- rapid urbanisation
- High population density
- significant deforestation and soil degradation

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3
Q

What was the population density in Port au Prince in 2010

A

306 people per square km

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4
Q

How much was 80% of Haiti’s population earning per day

A

Less than $2 per day

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5
Q

Before the earthquake- what % of Haitians had access to safe water and sanitation?

A

Safe water - 39%
Sanitation - 24%

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6
Q

What was the magnitude of the Haiti 2010 earthquake

A

7.0

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7
Q

What was the Haiti gdp per capita in 2010

A

$1300

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8
Q

How many deaths and missing persons did the Haitian government estimate?

A

316000

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9
Q

How many deaths and missing persons did the UN estimate?

A

220000-250000

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10
Q

What was the initial economic cost of the haitan earthquake

A

US$14bn

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11
Q

How deep was the epicentre of Haiti 2010

A

13km

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12
Q

how many caught or died of cholera in Hati 2010

A

9000 died
700,000 caught

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13
Q

why was there a cholera outbreak in Haiti

A

upstream aid workers using river to defecate wile downstream temp camps ere using river as drinking water

above average temperatures exacerbated

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14
Q

how many people died in chile 2010?

A

550

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15
Q

what was chiles gdp in 2010

A

$12,640

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16
Q

what was the magnitude of the second 2011 Japanese earthquake

A

9.0

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17
Q

how many were left dead and missing due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan 2011?

A

15,749 dead
2962 missing

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18
Q

what % of deaths in Japan 2011 were aged 60 and over

A

63%

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19
Q

what was particularly bad about the 2011 Japan earthquake?

A

tsunami created
tsunami hit Fukushima nuclear power plant, causing radioactive releases
contaminated water from plant leaked into pacific ocean and fishing grounds

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20
Q

How did the 2011 tsunami affect perception of nuclear power?

A

Loss of acceptability of nuclear power
Rising costs
Germany and Italy shit down reactors
Additional safely measures required when building plants so more expensive

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21
Q

How was price of natural gas effected

A

Increased as increased demand from Japan
Impacted Asian market as rate of consumption quickly increased

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22
Q

When did E15 erupt

A

March 2010

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23
Q

how long had E15 not erupted for

A

190 years

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24
Q

How many air journeys were cancelled in Europe due to E15

A

100000
Worst disruption since 9/11

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25
Why were flights so disrupted?
Ash plume reached Europe, predating as far as northern Italy
26
How many deaths were caused by e15
Zero Relatively small eruption with no direct deaths
27
What were the main impacts of e15
Imports and exports greatly affected by air travel shut down
28
How much did airfreight account for of UKs trade
0.5 % of trade by weight 25% by value
29
How much is estimated that African countries lost due to airspace shut down
US$65million
30
Why was car manufacture disrupted and give an example
Airfreight supplied key components which can’t be supplied from elsewhere Nissan plant in Japan stopped production of some models due to lack of a part from Ireland
31
What happened to perishable goods in E15
Delays in transportation meant huge loss of goods as perishables rotted Losses for producers of flowers, veg, and fruit
32
How many islands are in the Philippines
7107
33
What is the Pilipino population
101 million
34
What is the gdp of the Philippines
US$3750
35
What % of the worlds earthquakes of richter scale magnitude of 6 or over does Japan experience
20%
36
What were the magnitude of the two earthquakes hitting Japan?
Initial quake: 7.2 Triggered quake:9.0
37
What was a second earthquake triggered in Japan in 2011
First 7.2 quake put strain on area of existing pressure buildup led to stretch of plate breaking free and surging under Japan Broken plate met Eurasian plate surging 2.4m eastward Led to earthquake of 9.0
38
How quickly did the tohoku tsunami reach Japan from epicentre
10 mins
39
How tall did the tohoku tsunami reach and why
Up to 40 m Shallow waters created friction which slowed wave Water held back and traffic jam develops, causing wave to build up higher and higher
40
How far inland did the water from the tohoku tsunami flow
10km
41
Why was aid limited in Sendai after the tohoku tsunami hit
Sendai airport rendered unusable within minutes of tsunami hitting Foreign aid completely cut off
42
Why was search and rescue to difficult Japan 2011
Hard to find those who needed rescuing due to : Teleconnections cut off Mobile phone masts broken Electricity cut Only way out through collapsed buildings through roof
43
How many people were living in evacuation facilities 10 days after tohoku tsunami
450000
44
What health issues spread during Japan tsunami aftermath
Bronchitis and pneumonia Hypothermia Colitis and diarrhoea Flu Vomiting
45
How many were killed in Japan 2011
16000
46
How many people were evacuated from Fukushima due to nuclear danger
200,000
47
what were some economic effects of E15? good and bad
cancelled flights lost $1.3bn disrupted 10 million flights (48% Europe air traffic) new visitor centre created as many travellers wanted to witness eruption tourism initial drop then boosted 39% between 2015-2016 120 farms affected
48
what were the social effects of E15
mainly health related delay in organ and bone marrow transplants no fatalities or fatal injuries psychological support needed , 39% of individuals showed signs of mental distress short term exposure to gas associated with asthma, eye irritation and coughing phlegm
49
environmental impacts of E15
250million m3 of tephra 5-10km ash plume was unusually fine jokulhlaup in first effusive volcano, 2nd explosive
50
when were the 2 E15 eruptions
20th march 2010 effusive 14th april 2010 explosive
51
how was E15 managed
majority of locals evacuated but 47% chose to stay emergency shelters for evacuees opened by red cross international volcano ash force formed to assess areas of improvement and risks
52
why did several people choose not to evacuate E15
needed to take care of elderly and livestock some felt safer to shelter in own homes
53
what were the secondary effects of the Haiti 2010 earthquake
soil liquefaction supplies blocked from reaching victims due to road damage cholera outbreak caused 9000 deaths 8 after shocks recorded localised 3m tsunami due to slope failures
54
what were the short and long term responses to haiti 2010 quake
short term: £13 bn aid donated 80,000 in temp housing still the case in 2015 110 cooks produced 100000 meals per day search and rescue long term: new buildings built improved gov education and response some of debt waived rubble removed
55
what was the magnitude and focal depth of the 2003 Bam quake in Iran
magnitude 6.6 focal depth 13km
56
primary effects of Bam 2003
26000 killed- 11000 students 30000 injured 90% infrastructure destroyed 70% housing destroyed
57
secondary effects bam 2003
100,000 homeless teachers and students required psychiatric support as devastated victims suffered neural injury and compartment syndrome
58
immediate and long term response bam earthquake 2003
immediate 81 member emergency support team deployed for search and rescue 100,000 rations sent OFDA sent tents, cooking sets and blankets long term $420million required for reconstruction reconstructed with new aseismic design treatment of ptsd
59
magnitude and focal depth of new zealand 2011 type of boundary?
mag: 6.3 focus : 5km conservative boundary
60
primary effects of new zealand 2011
186 dead (110 in canterbury tv building) 50% of buildings damaged water and sewage pipes damaged 2000 injured
61
secondary effects of NZ 2011
soil liquefaction due to smaller previous quakes 2 week school closure business closure 2 after shocks rugby world cup matches cancelled
62
damage costs of the 3 earthquakes
NZ: $40bn bam : $700million haiti : $14bn
63
immediate and long term response to NZ earthquake
immediate $6-7million international aid donated temp pop up housing areas zoned to assess damage long term temp housing provided by NZ gov construction of 10,000 affordable housing release fund set up for basic supply
64
Philippines background how many islands population gdp per capita
over 7600 islands 115.6 million gdp per capita : $3750
65
what are the volcanic risks in the philippines
24 active volcanoes 1991 mount pinatubo largest eruption in last 100 years mount mayon erupted over 50 times last 500 years
66
why is Philippines vulnerable to tsunami
location in western pacific tsunamis result from earthquakes and volcanoes
67
why is philippines vulnerable to typhoons
lies in tropical cyclone zone most active months june- sept but can occur any time 15-20 typhoons per year most powerful typhoon haiyan 2013
68
how is philippines vulnerability increased
increased urbanisation so high popn density of 385 per km2 coastal popn as inland areas mountainous deforestation for settlements and agriculture- risk of landslide as more runoff lacks money for planning and preparation
69
How many were killed in typhoon haiyan 2013
500
70
Examples of flooding and drought in the Philippines
2005 drought cuzon island 1970 Manila flood

Geography (34 decks)

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