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Coasts Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the Jurassic coastline

A

Dorset, Uk

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2
Q

What is an examples of a concordant coastline

A

Lulworth cove, Dorset

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3
Q

How did lulworth cove form

A

Hard rock layers (limestone) protect softer layers behind
Eventually hard rock broken through by erosion , soft rock behind erodes quickly
Back of cove made of resistant chalk so further erosion prevented

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4
Q

Where is an examples of a Dalmatian coastline

A

Dalmatian coast, Croatia

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5
Q

What is an example of a half coastline

A

Southern fringe of Baltic Sea, across Russia and Lithuanian

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6
Q

Where is an example of where headlands and bays form

A

Jurassic coastline
Soft rock eroded back into bays (swanage bay)
more resistant rock (limestone) remains as headlands

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7
Q

Give an example of a cuspate foreland

A

Dungeness in Kent
New lighthouses had to be built as land expanded further out to sea

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8
Q

Give an example of a tombolo

A

Linking st ninians isle to the shetlands islands

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9
Q

Give an example of bar and barrier beach

A

Start bay, Devon
Slapton ley lagoon

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

How much of the Uk was covered in ice in the last glacial period

A

North completely covered
All the way down to as far as Birmingham

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12
Q

When was the last time ice age

A

12000 years ago

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13
Q

How much is north Britain uplifted per annum

A

1.5mm per annum

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14
Q

How much is southern Britain being lowered per annum:

A

1mm per annum

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15
Q

How are eustatic and isostatic changes affecting south Britain

A

Eustatic sea level rise working with isostatic land subsidence

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16
Q

What eustatic and isostatic changes are occurring in lands end, Cornwall

A

Sinking isostatically by 1.1mm per annum
Eustatic rise 2.8mm per annum
Total sea level rise of 3.9mm per annum

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17
Q

Example of tectonic activity causing sea level change?

A

Aceh, Indonesia
Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
Dipped by up to 1m
Neighbouring Islands iplifeted by up to 2m
New coastline created

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18
Q

Where is Kiribati?

A

A group of islands in central Pacific Ocean
Consists of 33 widely spread islands which stretch across an area of the Pacific Ocean nearly as wide as the USA

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19
Q

What is happening in Kiribati

A

Islands low lying only 1m or less above sea level
Many could disappear over next 50 years
Sea level rising by 2cm per year in some places

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20
Q

How is climate change causing sea level rise

A

Avg global temp rose 0.85°c from 1880 -2012
Ice sheets and glacial melt
Thermal expansion

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21
Q

What are inhabitants of Kiribati doing next?

A

President of Kiribati bought 20km2 of Fijian islands 2000km from Kiribati
Islands used in immediate future for agriculture to ensure food security as land contaminated by salt in Kiribati
People could move there in the future if needed

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22
Q

What is the migration with dignity policy

A

Allows people to apply for jobs in neighbouring countries such as NZ

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23
Q

What are environmental refugee s

A

Population forced to migrate as a result of changes to the environment

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24
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2004 Sumatran earthquake

A

9.0-9.3

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25
How did the 2004 Sumatran earthquake cause permanent rise of sea level
Decreased capacity of Pacific Ocean, displaced 30km3 of water
26
how much sediment was removed per day in Hallsands in 1980s
15000 tonnes
27
why was Hallsands under threat by 1900
beach disappeared as starved of sediment no beach to dissipate wave energy major storm breached sea defence in 1917
28
why was sediment being removed in Hallsands in 1890s
offshore dredging to provide material for new naval dockyard
29
how did Nile river discharge change after Aswan dam was implemented
fell from 35bn m3 per year to 10bn m3
30
how did Nile river sediment volume change after Aswan dam was implemented
before: 130million tonnes after: 15 million tonnes
31
what were the changes in water and sediment volume due to in the river Nile?
Water withdrawn for industry, cities and farming sediment trapped in reservoir and dam
32
how did erosion rate of the Rosetta (main delta branch of Nile) change after construction of dam?
from 20m per year to 200m per year
33
what is the annual rate of recession of the Holderness coast?
around 2m per year one of europes fastest eroding coastlines
34
how much has holderness coast receded since roman times
over 5km
35
how does rate of erosion vary on the Holderness coast
over time (temporally)- peaks of erosion occurring in some seasons spatially - some locations have much less erosion than others
36
how has sea defence in Mappleton impacted rate of recession?
1991- to rock groynes and rock revetment built (2m cost) resulted in beach forming in Mappleton rate of erosion down south increased significantly as material eroded is no longer replaced
37
how has rate of erosion in Cowden changed..
1 mile down coast from mappleton sea defence erosion increased from 2m to 4m
38
how is erosion at the Holderness coast impacted by weather
winter storms produce higher waves and higher sea levels rain intensifies weathering processes saturated cliffs experience more runoff, leads to slumping and mass movement
39
how is erosion at the Holderness coast impacted by waves
dominant waves from north east which has longest fetch destructive waves erode beaches and attack foot of cliffs longshore drift carries sediment to spurn head where spit is formed
40
how is erosion at the Holderness coast impacted by geology
main types of rock are chalk and boulder clay more resistant chalk created landforms at Flamborough head boulder clay not resistant to erosion differential rates of erosion give coast its shape
41
what is the majority of holderness cliffs made of
boulder clay- easily eroded!!
42
why is Bangladesh so prone to flooding?
- 37% of land less than 3m above sea level - worlds most densely populated country - on flood plain of 3 major rivers - every year: snow melt from Himalayas, monsoon rains, high tides in bay of Bengal
43
what 3 rivers is Bangladesh on the flood plain of?
Ganges, Meghna, Brahmaputra
44
why is there intense farming in Bangladesh
warm temps abundance of water fertile soils worlds biggest producer of jute
45
why is there lateral shifting in the ganges and brahmaputra?
two of largest rivers in terms of sediment discharge high load causes rivers to shift. so large areas of 'chars' deposit in channels
46
what are Chars
silt and sediment deposited to create a temporary island in the middle of a river channel highly fertile land so many wish to occupy them for good harvest
47
how many people live on Chars in Bangladesh
around 2 million
48
human factors increasing flood risk in bangladesh
increasing popn intense farming char and eyot living heavy reliance on rivers lack of funding for management
49
what physical factors increase flood risk in bangladesh
low land cyclones and monsoons strong tide from bay of Bengal melting glaciers at sources of rivers shifting rivers and strong erosion
50
how big were the storm surges created by cyclone Sidr in 2007, what were the wind speeds?
6m storm surge 160 mph winds
51
impacts of cyclone Sidr 2007 bangladesh
15000 killed, 55000 injured 1.6 million homes destroyed road, electricity lines and fresh water wells destroyed
52
total estimated damage of cyclone Sidr 2007
$1.7bn
53
what happened at Holbeck hall hotel
Scarborough. 1993 million tonne landslides caused cliff to recede by 70m heavy rain in 2 months before was major contributing actor tried to sue council and lost
54
what happened to south devon rail in feb 2014
destruction of main line railway line linked Exeter and Plymouth with London and Bristol £35million repairs between £60 million-1.2 bn losses to businesses in south west england
55
why was the east riding council given money? how much were they given?
Department of environment, food and rural affairs provided 1.2million as one of 15 UK coastal change pathfinder projects
56
what was the money given to east riding council spent on
assisting 43 home owners with relocation and demolition expenses
57
what is the coastal change fund?
covers cost of demolition, offers 1000 in relocation expenses and £300 in hardship expenses
58
how many houses are expected to go in next 30 years in east riding
100+
59
how did storm Emma impact start bay?
approx 400m road damaged road closures required evacuation cafe swept into sea
60
what coastal defences are there at hornsea
concrete sea walls, groynes, rock armour
61
what coastal defences are there at withernsea
straight sea wall built in 1875, but eroded base and collapsed 90s- replaced by curved wall with riprap at base
62
what coastal defences are there at mappleton
two rock groynes built in 1991 aiming to prevent removal if beach by LSD rock armour also used
63
what is deltawerken?
hard engineering project in Netherlands series of dams and sluice gates between islands embankments built as food walls $5bn but will need continued investment of $.5bn per year to keep up with sea level rise
64
what were the aims of deltawerken
- reduce risk of low lying areas - shorten length of coastline exposed to teh sea by 700km - control flow of river - maintain safe access to north sea for shipping
65
what is an example of all stakeholders being satisfied in a coastal management scheme?
black water estuary salt marsh squeezed by sea defences, likely to disappear and remove defence 5 breaches made to sea wall, allowing new salt marshes to form inland flood risk reduced
66
positive impacts of blackwater estuary management
- very high costs of hold the line policy avoided - water quality of estuary improved ass more reeds to filter it - new paths and waterways created for leisure activities - ecotourism and wildlife watching created new incomes
67
how many coastal cities are now at risk from sea level rise
36
68
how many people at risk from sea level rise
40million
69
what is the value of assets at risk of erosion
$3 trillion
70
how long is the wave fetch of waves in holderness
1500km from north Norwegian coast
71
how much of Maldives land would be lost if sea level rose by 50cm by 2100
77%
72
maldives background info : population number of islands how high above sea level
340000 people 1200 islands highest point is 2.3m above sea level
73
when was the worst storm surge in the north sea on record? what were the main impacts
jan 1953 2500 dead- 325 in UK repeated in 2013
74
in the 2013 north sea storm surge, what was the wind speed in scotland?
140mph
75
in the 2013 north sea storm surge, what was height of the storm surge in lincolnshire?
5.8m
76
why was the 2013 storm surge particularly bad?
coincided with high tide in a lot of places
77
what risks are posed to odisha?
erosion, flooding, storm surges, tropical storms
78
Odisha background info population where is it GDP
popn: 46.95 million where: North East India GDP: idk but its an LIC lol!!
79
how are odisha managing their coastline with ICZM
diversifying economy earth sea walls (low tech low cost) mangrove restoration skills and training to improve income education on risks storm shelters built - can't afford all new structures advanced warning systems and monitoring
80
How and why are odisha diversifying their economy?
To make economy stronger, reducing overfishing Given 7500 fishermen families financial assistance for alternative livelihoods Restoring temples to attract tourism and train people in stonework Ecotourism for sustainable employment option
81
Why do temples in odisha need reconstruction
Corrosion from salinity of air due to being by the coast
82
Wy and how are Odisha managing their coastline with mangroves?
Mangroves dissipate wave energy But will not mature for 30-50 years Schools raising awareness of importance of mangroves Cheap to implement

Geography (34 decks)

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