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DV400 Concepts 2 > Week 10.2 - Climate Crisis and Challenges for Development > Flashcards

Week 10.2 - Climate Crisis and Challenges for Development Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the pandemic reinforce the need for structural transformation?

A

It underscored the importance of restructuring economies, a need already highlighted by the climate crisis

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2
Q

Why is there a push to shorten and diversify supply and value chains?

A

To reduce vulnerability, lower energy use, and cut greenhouse gas emissions from long-distance transport

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3
Q

Why is there a call to rebuild local and regional agricultural systems?

A

To reduce reliance on cheap labour, ensure decent livelihoods, and strengthen food system resilience

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4
Q

What lesson has been drawn about long-distance travel during the pandemic?

A

Much of it is unnecessary for maintaining international cooperation

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5
Q

How have Russia and Israel contributed to global insecurity?

A

Through systematic destruction of infrastructure in Ukraine and Gaza, following the precedent of US interventions in Iraq and Libya

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6
Q

What has been the impact of great power polarisation on global governance?

A

It has weakened the United Nations and hindered cooperation on global challenges like climate change

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7
Q

How has military spending shifted since the Ukraine war?

A

There has been a vast increase in military spending across Europe and the OECD

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8
Q

How have right-wing populist movements responded to climate change policies?

A

They have opposed climate measures and fuelled discontent around energy, transport, and consumption reforms

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9
Q

What are examples of backlash against green policies in the financial world?

A

ESG investment standards have faced resistance, such as BP withdrawing from sustainable energy efforts

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10
Q

How has the return of Donald Trump affected climate agreements?

A

The US withdrew again from the Paris Agreement and the Just Transition Partnership, rejecting science-based policymaking

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11
Q

What is China’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions?

A

China is the largest emitter overall, though not per capita

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12
Q

What leadership has China shown in renewable energy?

A

By 2030, 60% of global renewable energy capacity will be in China, and it achieved wind/solar goals 6 years early

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13
Q

What milestone has China reached in electric vehicle adoption?

A

The number of EVs surpassed petrol and diesel vehicles 10 years ahead of schedule

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14
Q

What environmental challenge is associated with digital technology infrastructure like data centres?

A

They require vast amounts of energy and water for cooling

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15
Q

What does the IPCC say about the 1.5°C climate target?

A

The window to stay below 1.5°C is closing rapidly and is nearly lost even under the most optimistic scenarios

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16
Q

What is the projected global temperature rise under current emission trajectories?

A

We are on track for a 3.0°C increase above pre-industrial levels

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17
Q

How many people with disabilities live in developing countries?

A

Around 400 million people, or 80% of the global population with disabilities

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18
Q

Why is an intersectional approach necessary in climate policy?

A

Because overlapping issues like gender, poverty, and discrimination compound the vulnerability of people with disabilities

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19
Q

What do Bowen and Hepburn define as green growth?

A

Green growth is GDP growth while preserving aggregate natural capital, including ecosystems, climate, and biodiversity

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20
Q

Why does GDP growth remain important in green growth discussions?

A

Because persistent poverty in the developing world makes continued economic growth necessary

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21
Q

What role does the state play in green growth according to Bowen and Hepburn?

A

The state provides strategic direction to incentivise innovation and manage distributional consequences

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22
Q

How does Dani Rodrik define green growth?

A

Green growth is a trajectory of economic development that sustainably uses non-renewable resources and internalises environmental costs, especially those related to climate change

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23
Q

What do Bowen and Hepburn argue green growth must go beyond?

A

It must go beyond reducing emissions and address the political economy, including fossil fuel interests and distributional effects

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24
Q

What does Stern identify as the greatest market failure?

A

Greenhouse gas emissions

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25
What is Dercon’s main concern regarding green growth and poverty?
That green reforms can slow poverty reduction if they don’t address how the poor lack credit, insurance, and the ability to adapt or migrate
26
What does Dercon suggest is needed to make green growth pro-poor?
Policies must account for ‘distributional linkages’ and consider 'different shades of green' to reconcile environmental goals with poverty reduction
27
What do critics say about the feasibility of green growth based on empirical evidence?
There is little evidence that resource use or emissions can be decoupled from growth at the required speed
28
What alternative to green growth is proposed for rich countries?
The need for 'de-growth' and shifting away from a narrow growth agenda in developing countries
29
What do Bowen and Hepburn argue the state must do in green industrial policy?
Go beyond market instruments and guide broad development paths through innovation incentives
30
What is Rodrik’s position on green industrial policy?
It should be central to green growth and its challenges are not insurmountable, despite traditional objections
31
Why is the private sector unlikely to lead in green R&D?
Because spillovers from innovation reduce the incentive to invest and carbon remains underpriced or subsidised
32
What does the World Bank propose through CSA?
A ‘triple win’: increased productivity, improved climate resilience, and reduced emissions
33
What critique is made of the World Bank's CSA approach?
It ignores vast inequalities in access to land, water, and food and marginalises political dimensions
34
How are many violent conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa misrepresented?
They are often portrayed as ethnic/religious when they are linked to climate change and farmer-herder disputes
35
What does Rodrik’s trilemma assert about global political economy?
You can only choose two of three: hyperglobalisation, the nation-state, and democracy
36
What global leadership role have developing countries taken on plastics?
Countries like Rwanda and Bangladesh led in banning plastic bags, with Rwanda enforcing it successfully through mass education
37
What is the central idea of the circular economy in developing countries?
Recycling and waste reduction, challenging the linear model of consumption and production
38
How has the circular economy been adopted globally?
It was part of China's five-year plans and forms part of the EU’s environmental strategies
39
What is green growth as defined by Bowen and Hepburn (2014)?
Green growth is economic growth that preserves or enhances aggregate natural capital to allow long-term improvements in human welfare
40
How does the OECD define green growth?
Green growth is fostering economic development while ensuring natural assets continue to provide essential environmental services for well-being
41
Why did green growth become central to institutions like the OECD and World Bank?
Due to the need for new post-2008 recession growth strategies, recognition of growth’s role in poverty reduction, and rising concern over environmental degradation
42
What are the three global pressures that increased green growth's popularity?
The post-2008 growth slowdown, global poverty challenges, and the scale of climate change as an environmental externality
43
What do pessimists argue about green growth?
That economic growth inherently depends on resource extraction and environmental degradation
44
What do optimists believe about green growth?
That GDP growth can be decoupled from environmental harm through innovation, efficiency, and a shift to knowledge-intensive industries
45
What is a common criticism skeptics raise about green growth?
That green growth may amount to greenwashing and is impractical despite sounding good in theory
46
What evidence do optimists point to in support of green growth?
Declining emissions per unit of GDP in some countries and the feasibility of a circular economy that minimises waste
47
How does strong green growth propose to correct market failures?
By realising health gains, reducing pollution, improving transport, and enhancing productivity
48
What is the state's role in green growth according to Bowen and Hepburn?
The state must go beyond carbon taxes to provide strategic direction, fund innovation, and manage the transition’s social effects
49
Why are vertical interventions important in green industrial policy?
They target specific technologies to overcome lock-in and path dependence, unlike broad incentives
50
What does green industrial policy require from the state?
Support for specific green sectors, not just horizontal price adjustments
51
What are horizontal policies in green growth?
Broad policies like carbon pricing and general R&D subsidies that apply across all sectors
52
What are vertical policies in green growth?
Targeted interventions such as subsidies for solar power or bans on coal, aligned with strategic planning
53
What political economy challenges affect green growth transitions?
Resistance from fossil fuel interests, high transition costs, and the need for coordinated international action
54
What are the distributional challenges of green growth in developing countries?
Ensuring that green policies don’t slow poverty alleviation or disproportionately burden the poor.
55
What are the main approaches used to promote green growth?
Carbon pricing, green subsidies, innovation system support, circular economy promotion, and green infrastructure investment
56
Why is public investment in green infrastructure important during downturns?
It can stimulate the economy while laying foundations for low-carbon development
57
What dual promise does green growth offer?
Economic progress alongside environmental preservation
58
Why is green growth considered pragmatic and necessary?
Because undermining natural capital will eventually threaten both human welfare and economic systems
59
Why is there no one-size-fits-all green growth policy?
Countries differ in development level, resource endowments, institutions, and political context
60
How have different countries approached green growth?
The EU uses emissions trading and renewables; China invests in green infrastructure but relies on fossil fuels; Costa Rica focuses on biodiversity
61
Why are experimentation and evaluation important for green growth policies?
To identify scalable solutions tailored to specific national conditions
62
Why is transitioning to green growth a systemic transformation?
It involves deep structural changes such as retiring fossil infrastructure and shifting employment patterns
63
What is the state's role in supporting a green growth transition?
To invest in innovation, mitigate job losses, retrain workers, and direct long-term economic planning
64
Can market-based instruments play a role in green transitions?
Yes, tools like carbon pricing and decentralised innovation can drive substantial changes without full state control
65
What is the central aim of green growth?
To balance economic expansion with the internalisation of environmental costs
66
How might green growth enhance long-term welfare?
By conserving resources and protecting environmental capital essential for future development
67
What short-term risks can green growth pose for the poor?
It can increase prices for energy or inputs, cause job losses, and reduce access to affordable alternatives
68
Why don’t efficiency gains from green growth automatically benefit the poor?
Because without redistribution mechanisms, gains may be captured by wealthier groups
69
Why is structural transformation critical to poverty reduction?
Because it involves shifting from low-productivity to high-productivity, labour-intensive sectors
70
What are the benefits of environmental pricing and regulation for green growth?
They correct market failures and improve environmental quality, such as cleaner water and air
71
What challenges do environmental regulations pose for the poor?
They pay a higher share of income for essentials and may lose out from increased production costs and job displacement
72
How might environmental regulation increase inequality across regions?
Industries may relocate near poorer settlements to avoid stricter enforcement in wealthier areas
73
What are the potential benefits of low-carbon and green investments for development?
They can create jobs in renewable energy and transport sectors and stimulate long-term development
74
How might green investments reinforce spatial inequality?
Localised urban investments can marginalise remote or rural communities
75
What is a major trade-off in green growth for developing countries?
Green growth can slow poverty reduction if not carefully designed
76
What four criteria should be used to assess green growth’s impact on poverty?
Static efficiency, labour intensity, structural transformation, and spatial connectivity
77
Why is redistribution important in green growth strategies?
Because gains from efficiency must be shared with the poor through social protection and safety nets
78
Why is contextual tailoring critical in green growth policy?
Because low-income countries have unmet basic needs and policies must reflect their specific development realities
79
What is the core argument Zhang (2011) makes about industrialisation and climate change?
Zhang argues that despite climate concerns, industrialisation remains an indispensable development strategy for low- and lower-middle-income countries, especially those experiencing premature deindustrialisation
80
How is industrialisation defined in Zhang (2011)?
Industrialisation is the process by which the share of manufacturing in national income and employment increases
81
What are the development benefits of industrialisation according to Zhang (2011)?
It builds a low-carbon future, reduces poverty, supports infrastructure and resilience, and serves as a climate-hedging strategy by lowering emissions intensity and vulnerability
82
What does economic growth refer to in Zhang (2011)?
Economic growth refers to an increase in production and per capita GDP
83
How is sustainable development defined by the WCED (1987)?
Sustainable development is meeting present needs, especially of the poor, without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs
84
What are key climate-related challenges to industrialisation for developing countries?
These include high emissions from industry, rising carbon prices reducing export competitiveness, and premature deindustrialisation harming growth and productivity
85
What is meant by premature deindustrialisation?
It refers to developing countries experiencing a decline in manufacturing's GDP share before reaching high income levels, undermining growth, jobs, and infrastructure
86
What does climate change mitigation involve, according to Zhang (2011)?
It involves dramatically reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with developing countries needing rapid decarbonisation due to their 50% higher emissions per GDP unit
87
What is the focus of climate change adaptation for developing countries?
It aims to reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity, especially in poor, agriculture-based countries with weak infrastructure and institutions
88
Why is industrialisation more crucial under climate change, according to Zhang?
It enables low-carbon development, provides industrial jobs that reduce poverty, and enhances resilience through diversification, infrastructure, and institutional capacity
89
How did China’s industrialisation contribute to development and climate goals?
Between 1990–2005, China cut CO₂ intensity by 60.75% while reducing poverty from 60.2% to 15.9% and maintaining strong industrial growth
90
How does India’s development trajectory compare with China’s, according to Zhang (2011)?
India’s slower, service-oriented growth led to only a 37.85% drop in emissions intensity and less progress in poverty reduction and infrastructure development
91
What are the risks of premature deindustrialisation in developing countries?
Risks include informal-sector manufacturing with low productivity, economic stagnation, job losses, and weakened capacity for climate action and institutional growth
92
How can developing countries decarbonise while industrialising?
They can improve energy efficiency, use cost-saving tech, attract carbon market investments, and benefit from mechanisms like the Clean Development Mechanism
93
Why are developing countries attractive for carbon market investments?
Their lower marginal abatement costs make mitigation cheaper, and they have more room for energy-efficient structural transformation
94
What caution does Zhang offer about emissions caps in high-intensity countries?
Countries like China and India may face greater output losses under strict caps, while Sub-Saharan Africa may decarbonise more easily due to low emissions intensity
95
What is climate-smart agriculture (CSA) according to Taylor (2018)?
CSA is a unified governance framework that promotes agricultural methods increasing crop productivity, building climate resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
96
What explains the rise of CSA’s prominence?
Rising concerns about food security, the World Bank's 2008 view that poor governance causes environmental degradation, and belief in market-enhancing governance and technology driving productivity, sustainability, and growth
97
What is the first major tension in CSA identified by Taylor?
The “missing metrics” problem—CSA lacks clear success criteria or scoring systems, and productivity is politically loaded and difficult to measure in monetary terms
98
What is the “black hole of resilience” criticism in CSA?
Resilience is undefined and treated as inherently positive, ignoring who benefits, the context, and trade-offs like ecological degradation from short-term intensification
99
How does CSA risk undermining resilience in dryland settings?
Technology-driven intensification may boost short-term productivity but harm ecological foundations and raise risks for farmers and pastoralists
100
What issue does Taylor raise with CSA success stories?
The framework presents incompatible practices, like agroecology and industrial methods, as CSA without critical analysis, glossing over conflicts and oversimplifying success
101
What is the fourth tension in CSA identified by Taylor?
CSA ignores consumption, focusing on market-oriented value chains that serve profitable consumers rather than nutritional need, encouraging unsustainable diets and waste
102
Why did Argentina receive a high CSA rating, and what does it reveal?
Its high rating came from producer profitability, revealing CSA’s emphasis on financial returns over sustainable practices, leading to carbon-intensive outcomes
103
What limitation does CSA have in addressing the food system holistically?
It fails to look beyond production and ignores the environmental and social implications of consumption patterns and commercial value chains

DV400 Concepts 2 (19 decks)

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