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DV400 Concepts 2 > Week 1.2 - Development Aid > Flashcards

Week 1.2 - Development Aid Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the political challenges currently facing foreign aid?

A

Foreign aid is politically challenged now more than ever due to views of right-wing populist politics in donor countries

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2
Q

What is the increasing role of private financial transfers in foreign aid?

A

The increasing role of private financial transfers can be seen in the SDGs reliance on private flows, such as portfolio investments and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

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3
Q

Why are aid budgets being cut?

A

Aid budgets are being cut everywhere due to economic problems in rich countries

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4
Q

What are the problems associated with the delivery of aid?

A

The delivery of aid has always been plagued by problems of accountability and evaluation

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5
Q

What are the conflicting purposes of aid?

A

The conflicting purposes of aid include geopolitical purposes, developmental purposes, commercial purposes for donor countries (strategic resources and markets), and capturing benefits by private actors in recipient countries

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6
Q

What are the main categories of aid?

A

The categories of aid include official development assistance (bilateral aid, multilateral aid), humanitarian aid, military aid, aid from NGOs, and private aid from philanthropic organizations (distinct from commercial lending and foreign investment)

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7
Q

How has the US historically used foreign aid for geopolitical purposes?

A

The US development agenda has historically been driven by a security agenda, with foreign assistance focused on providing military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly nations for international peace and security
This includes various administrations like the 1950 Administration and Mutual Security Technical Cooperation Agency (1951), the 1953 Foreign Operations Administration, and the 1955 International Cooperation Administration

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8
Q

How has military aid been handled historically?

A

Military aid has had little scrutiny, military aid programs are not monitored, and the data is often oblique and difficult to access
There is no body within OECD comparable to the DAC that monitors military aid

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9
Q

What is Official Development Assistance (ODA)?

A

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is provided by official agencies (not private) to developing countries for economic development and welfare (not for trade or military), and is concessional with a grant element of at least 25%

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10
Q

What trends have been observed in the allocation of aid?

A

Trends in aid include an increased role of NGOs (e.g., from $1 billion in 1970 to $7.2 billion in 1990), increased private philanthropy (e.g., Gates Foundation’s $6.5 billion/year in 2013-2015), less aid to productive sectors (e.g., agriculture, forestry, and fishing decreased to 2/3), increased focus on gender and environmental crises, and making people living with disabilities visible (e.g., UN 2019 Disability Inclusion Strategy)

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11
Q

What are the three enduring issues in aid delivery?

A

The three enduring issues in aid delivery are “Tied Aid,” “Technical Assistance,” and the debate between “programme versus project aid”

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12
Q

What is the issue with “Tied Aid”?

A

“Tied Aid” refers to aid that requires recipient countries to purchase goods and services from donor countries, as exemplified in the UK scandal involving Pregau Dam in Malaysia (1993-1994), where Malaysia was required to buy military equipment from the UK

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13
Q

What is Easterly’s critique of aid effectiveness?

A

Easterly critiques aid effectiveness due to the lack of accountability in aid programs, lack of scientific evaluations, and inefficiencies in aid delivery
He advocates for the use of randomised control trials (RCTs) in cash transfer programs

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14
Q

How does Dambisa Moyo critique aid?

A

Moyo critiques aid by agreeing with Easterly’s skepticism, demanding an end to wasteful grants, and advocating for micro-credit, FDI, trade liberalization, and remittances as alternatives to aid

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15
Q

What is Milanovic’s response to Easterly’s critique?

A

Milanovic argues that aid is mainly for political and strategic purposes, that Easterly’s searchers need the state, and that aid should ensure progressive transfers from the rich to the poor countries, while criticising the immorality of randomised control trials

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16
Q

What is Lall’s response to Easterly’s critique?

A

Lall argues that aid bolsters corrupt governments, that aid simply assuages Western guilt, and that Western countries should stop aid to Africa and just open markets

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17
Q

What is Radelet’s response to Easterly’s critique?

A

Radelet argues that aid has contributed meaningfully to growth, particularly in health programs, and that the use of aid for growth has shown positive impacts, even though results vary by context

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18
Q

What is Fischer’s structuralist perspective on aid?

A

Fischer argues for a structuralist approach, stating that aid is useful as long as it promotes structural transformation and helps build productive capacity, allowing countries to run trade deficits and support higher value exports over time

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19
Q

How should the effectiveness of aid be assessed?

A

The effectiveness of aid should be assessed by judging whether it contributes to increasing productive capacity and asking whether it enhances or weakens state capacity

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20
Q

What are the challenges in strengthening a state’s statistical capacity?

A

Challenges in strengthening a state’s statistical capacity include flawed data, the need for funding agricultural and labor market surveys, and the recognition that statistics are expensive and can be divisive

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21
Q

What is the role of “New Donors” and South-South cooperation in foreign aid?

A

New donors like China, India, Brazil, and the Gulf countries are involved in grants, concessional loans, barter trade, FDI, and commercial loans, and are creating new forms of developmentalism with potential issues of “tied aid” and “debt dependency”

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22
Q

What is China’s role in African development?

A

China’s role in African development includes acquiring natural resources (e.g., strategic minerals for EVs), developing production platforms in agriculture and manufacturing as Chinese wages rise, and creating new markets for Chinese goods and services

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23
Q

What factors determine China’s role in African development?

A

China’s role in African development is determined by domestic politics, national development strategies, and investments in natural resources

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24
Q

What are the key recommendations for improving aid effectiveness in the future?

A

Key recommendations include demand-driven aid, supporting national development strategies, undertaking pilot programs, avoiding aid misuse, strengthening state capacity, supporting long-term engagements, and encouraging integrity in private development consultancies

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25
What are the benefits of demand-driven aid?
Demand-driven aid is likely more effective as it reduces the incentives for misuse of aid when organisations like the World Bank, USAID, FCDO, or SIDA arrive with earmarked funds and predesigned programs
26
How do aid programs affect local configurations of power?
Aid programs inject resources that always have an impact, reducing locational, identity, and gender inequalities
27
What are the future recommendations regarding national development plans/strategies?
Future recommendations include encouraging recipient states to identify priorities, needs, and programs for national development strategies
28
What is the significance of pilot programs versus randomized control trials (RCTs) in aid programs?
Pilot programs, as used in Chinese development programs at home, are more effective than RCTs, although it is unclear if China uses this approach abroad in its aid programs
29
What recommendations exist for designing aid programs that do not sap scarce state capacity?
Aid programs should avoid creating reporting burdens on recipient countries with different systems, and should instead build capacity within states (e.g., Rwanda’s Revenue Authority) to engage with the private sector and assess activities
30
What is the role of state organisations in channeling resources and decision-making in aid?
Resources and decision-making should be channeled through state organisations to avoid parallel delivery mechanisms that weaken national and local systems, such as HIV/AIDS councils, and enhance technical and political budgeting within public organisations
31
What is the recommendation for supporting long-term engagements in aid work?
Aid workers should learn local languages, understand history and society, stay long enough to build confidence, and avoid staying in expat communities
32
What are the two tragedies of poverty as described by Easterly (2006)?
The two tragedies of poverty are that extreme poverty causes suffering, preventable diseases, and limited access to education, and despite $2.3 trillion in aid over five decades, basic needs like medicines, bed nets, and education remain unmet
33
What is Easterly’s view on the ineffectiveness of aid?
Easterly argues that aid has failed to promote economic growth, policy reforms, democracy, or honest governance, pointing to $568 billion spent on Africa with no significant improvement in income levels over 40 years Aid agencies lack accountability, contributing to inefficiencies and waste
34
What are “structural adjustment” loans and why do they fail according to Easterly?
Structural adjustment loans are aid loans conditional on policy reforms They have failed in Africa, the former Soviet Union, and Latin America, with both policy reform and economic growth proving unsuccessful, suggesting that aid results in less democratic and honest government, not more
35
How does Easterly compare economic progress in India and China to Western aid efforts?
Easterly argues that citizens in India and China raised their own incomes by $715 billion through free market efforts, whereas the West was agonizing over a few tens of billion dollars in aid Economic progress is better achieved through local entrepreneurship and reforms
36
What are the two key elements necessary to make aid work according to Easterly?
The two key elements necessary to make aid work are feedback and accountability The absence of these elements has been fatal to aid’s effectiveness in the past
37
What issues are associated with the lack of accountability in aid programs?
No single agency is responsible for aid failures, and evaluations often lack independence, such as the World Bank’s Operations Evaluation Department (OED), which has shown limited impact on changing the behaviour of aid agencies
38
How did the case of Mali challenge the effectiveness of evaluations in aid programs?
In Mali, the largely positive findings of evaluations did not align with the poor development outcomes observed over the same period (1985-1995) and the unfavourable views of local people, questioning the real impact of evaluations
39
What role does feedback play in aid effectiveness?
Feedback ensures that aid aligns with the needs of beneficiaries, with market demand informing firms and voters holding politicians accountable
40
How does true accountability work in aid programs?
True accountability occurs when an aid agency takes responsibility for a specific, monitorable task aimed at helping the poor, with outcomes depending almost entirely on what the agency does, thus creating strong incentives for performance
41
What is PROGRESA, and what were its results?
PROGRESA (Mexico, 1997) was a program providing cash grants to mothers if their children kept in school, participated in health education, and visited health clinics A randomised control trial in 506 villages showed significant improvements in health, education, and reduced illness incidence.
42
What lesson for aid reformers can be drawn from the success of PROGRESA?
The success of PROGRESA teaches that combining free choice and scientific evaluation can build support for aid programs, where effective programs can be expanded rapidly
43
What is the criticism of current aid models?
The criticism of current aid models is that big global goals like the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) lack accountability, and multiple agents sharing responsibility dilute individual accountability for results
44
What is Easterly’s view on the role of aid in general economic or political development?
Easterly believes that aid cannot drive general economic or political development but can address specific needs
45
What are Milanovic’s key criticisms of Easterly’s argument on aid?
Milanovic critiques Easterly by noting that the $2.3 trillion figure includes a mix of bilateral aid, concessional loans, and commercial loans (not all aid), and that loans should not be conflated with aid He also highlights that aid serves political, strategic, and domestic economic purposes and criticizes Easterly’s dismissal of these motives
46
What is Lall’s critique of foreign aid?
Lall argues that governance issues and systemic inefficiencies render foreign aid largely ineffective or counterproductive, and that aid often serves donor interests and guilt rather than addressing real needs in recipient countries He suggests that domestic governments, not foreign aid, are key to achieving sustainable development goals
47
What is Radelet’s response to Easterly’s claim that aid is a “miserable failure”?
Radelet argues that Easterly’s claim is overly simplistic and one-sided. While aid is not a magic solution, it has contributed meaningfully in some circumstances, such as economic growth in South Korea, income tripling in Egypt, and near-eradication of polio Different approaches are needed for different governance contexts
48
What is the principal concern of ‘structuralist’ pioneers of development economics?
The principal concern of structuralist pioneers is understanding structural impediments faced by countries undergoing late industrialisation and rapid urban growth, such as chronic trade deficits, foreign exchange shortages, and persistent balance of payments disequilibria
49
What do current debates on aid overlook, according to structuralists?
Structuralists argue that current debates overlook the dual logic of aid’s potential to run trade deficits in the context of national industrialisation strategies, and that this potential is lost if countries run trade surpluses
50
What are the key characteristics of late industrialisation?
Key characteristics of late industrialisation include large technological gaps, dependency on imports for capital and intermediate goods, and rapid population and urban growth
51
What internal and external impediments to growth are identified by structuralists?
Internal impediments to growth include issues like food production or technological capabilities, while external impediments include import dependence and foreign exchange constraints, which are seen as structurally inherent aspects of late development
52
How do structuralists view the role of aid compared to modernisation theorists?
Structuralists view aid as a tool to enable productive trade deficits and to mitigate external vulnerabilities and industrial bottlenecks, while modernisation theorists, like Rostow, focused on socio-cultural impediments as barriers to development
53
What is the Two-Gap model (Chenery and Strout, 1966) in structuralist thought?
The Two-Gap model recognizes the limits of industrializing countries to expand export earnings quickly enough to earn foreign exchange required for complementary imports, highlighting the need for aid to address structural trade imbalances
54
What was Prebisch’s view on trade deficits and aid in the 1950s?
Prebisch identified external trade deficits as structural issues in developing economies and stressed the need for aid to address these structural trade imbalances
55
What is the ‘Dutch Disease’ in the context of increasing aid to poor countries?
‘Dutch Disease’ refers to the negative economic effect where increasing aid to poor countries could lead to currency appreciation, undermining the competitiveness of domestic tradable sectors, particularly when the country runs a current account surplus
56
What is the critique of contemporary aid debates according to structuralists?
Structuralists argue that modern critiques of aid, such as those by Easterly, Collier, and Sachs, dismiss structuralist insights and fail to account for structural trade imbalances in evaluating aid effectiveness
57
How do structuralists view aid effectiveness in relation to trade deficits and industrial policies?
Structuralists support trade deficits tied to productive investment and emphasise the need for countries to implement active industrial policies to direct investment They also advocate for long-term concessional finance to ensure resource transfer to the poorest
58
What type of economies have experienced the best growth?
Developing countries with a greater share of manufacturing in labour-intensive sectors
59
How does aid affect different economic sectors?
Aid slows the growth of labour-intensive and exportable sectors while capital-intensive and non-exportable sectors grow faster
60
What does evidence suggest about aid's long-term impact on growth?
Aid's long-term impact is elusive, even in countries with good policies; recent studies show no robust association between aid and sustained growth
61
How can aid weaken institutions in the long run?
Aid can increase dependency and corruption, weakening governance
62
How does aid affect a country's competitiveness?
Aid inflows can lead to real exchange rate overvaluation, reducing competitiveness in the traded goods sector
63
What is 'Dutch Disease' in the context of aid?
Aid inflows increase demand for non-traded goods, leading to higher prices and making traded goods less competitive internationally
64
How does aid reduce a country's competitiveness?
By causing exchange rate appreciation, increasing wages in non-traded sectors, and making labour-intensive exports less profitable
65
How can aid’s negative effects on competitiveness be mitigated?
If aid is spent on traded goods (e.g. imported capital goods, foreign consultants), goods in abundant supply (e.g. unskilled labour), accompanied by fiscal adjustments to prevent excessive wage increases
66
What is the impact of aid on existing firms and new market entry?
Initially squeezes profitability in existing firms Discourages new market entry Eventually forces existing firms to close down
67
How are aid and remittances similar?
Both are “unrequited” financial flows that do not need to be repaid fully
68
How are aid and remittances different in their effects?
Remittances tend to persist only in well-managed economies that avoid overvaluation. Aid inflows often cause wage growth and exchange rate appreciation, making trade uncompetitive
69
Why do remittances not cause the same adverse effects as aid?
They are often spent on housing and local goods that increase demand for unskilled labour without raising wages in export industries Remittances dry up if the exchange rate becomes overvalued, preventing persistent distortions
70
How does aid contribute to economic dependency?
By reducing competitiveness in traded sectors, forcing countries to rely on future aid rather than self-sustaining economic growth
71
What happens when a government reduces borrowing from the banking system due to aid inflows?
It increases credit availability for the private sector, providing more resources for investment
72
Why do aid effects vary across time and studies?
The estimated impact of aid depends on the time horizon chosen, the period studied, whether a fixed-effects model is used, whether aid is treated linearly or non-linearly
73
How were for-profit consultancies historically funded?
They received bilateral funding from both donor and recipient countries
74
How did New Public Management (NPM) influence DFID’s use of consultancies?
DFID projects were already outsourced The Logical Framework Approach (Logframe) focused on planning and evaluation, not procurement Aid was seen as a space for participation, empowerment, and control rather than just efficiency
75
How has UK aid shifted towards private sector financing?
Aid is now aligned with private interests rather than just poverty alleviation Aid has shifted from a public good to a political tool Financialisation of aid (introducing speculative finance and impact investing)
76
How are for-profit consultancies shaping development policies?
They not only implement aid policies but actively shape aid discourse and practices Aid is now designed around efficiency and financial viability rather than empowerment and local needs
77
What is the central argument of Whitty et al. (2023) regarding for-profit consultancies in the UK aid sector?
The rise of for-profit consultancies reflects how the development sector has become embedded within capitalist systems, with consultancies shaping development agendas as much as implementing them
78
How did US and UK trajectories for development consultancy differ?
The US focused early on agriculture and engineering before expanding to general consultancy, while UK firms evolved more gradually, often merging with accountancy and audit firms like the Big Four
79
How has private sector financing influenced UK development policy?
Aid now supports microfinance, business reforms, and trade connectivity, with spending on banking, finance, and production services rising sharply between 2012 and 2016, showing a move toward using aid to de-risk private investments
80
How do for-profit consultancies support the financialization of aid?
They serve as intermediaries between aid and private finance, supporting impact investing, risk financing, and private capital mobilization through programs like the IMPACT Programme and Centre for Disaster Protection
81
In what ways are for-profit consultancies shaping development beyond implementation?
They influence how aid is delivered, justified, and monitored, acting as key actors in “little d” development and promoting efficiency-based, externally driven models
82
How do Whitty et al. view INGOs and state governments compared to for-profit consultancies?
Though not romanticized, INGOs and state governments retain rhetorical commitments to development and are embedded in local contexts, unlike consultancies which prioritize global expertise and often sideline local knowledge
83
What critique do Whitty et al. offer about the use of global over local expertise in aid?
For-profit consultancies prioritize standardized, global knowledge systems over context-specific, local engagement, potentially undermining inclusive and participatory development practices

DV400 Concepts 2 (19 decks)

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