Week 13

Question 1

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 1

Prosocial behaviour are acts that are positively valued by society.

Question 2

When we think of prosocial behaviour, what do we usually think of?

Answer 2

We usually think of things that are positive and voluntary and natured. Prosocial behaviour is culturall defined.

Question 3

Is prosocial behaviour culturally defined?

Answer 3

Yes.

Question 4

What does prosocial behaviour include?

Answer 4

Helping behaviour.

Question 5

What is one form of helping behaviour?

Answer 5

Altruism

Question 6

What is helping behaviour?

Answer 6

Helping behaviour are acts that intentionally benefit someone else.

Question 7

What is altruism?

Answer 7

Altruism is a special form of helping behaviour, sometimes costly, that shows concern for fellow human beings and is performed without expectation of personal gain.

Question 8

Why do some people think there is no such idea as altruism?

Answer 8

Some people think there is no such idea as altruism because some people believe that if a person was to feel guilty for not helping.

Question 9

Why is it difficult to identify purely altrusic behaviour?

Answer 9

It is difficult to identify purely altruistic behaviour because motives or rewards may not be observable.

Question 10

What was the Kitty Genovese murder?

Answer 10

The Kitty Genovese murder stimulated and heavily influenced the entire field of understanding prosocial behaviour in humans, and research into bystander intervention specifically.

Question 11

What murder launched investigation into prosocial behaviour?

Answer 11

Kitty Genovese.

Question 12

What is the nature nurture controversy?

Answer 12

Nature nurture controversy is that classic debate about whether genetic or environmental factors determine human behaviour.

Question 13

What do scienticists generally accept about the nature nurture controversy and prosocial behaviour?

Answer 13

It is an interaction of both.

Question 14

How does biology and evolution explain prosocial behaviour?

Answer 14

Through evolutionary psychology.

Question 15

What is evolutionary social psychology?

Answer 15

An extension of evolutionary psychology that views complex social behaviour as adapative, helping the individual, kin and the species as a whole to survive.

Question 16

What are two examples of evolutionary social psychology assisting prosocial behaviour?

Answer 16

Mutualism and kin selection.

Question 17

Why does evolutionary social psychology explain pro social behaviour?

Answer 17

This is because we are biologically predisposed. We a biologically predisposed to give helping behaviour.

Question 18

What is mutualism?

Answer 18

Mutualism is the idea of reciprocity.

Question 19

What is kin selection?

Answer 19

Kin selection is people are biased towards helping family members so the blood line continues.

Question 20

What is the empathy and arousal model of prosocial behaviour?

Answer 20

This is a state of arousal needed before we act prosocially.

Question 21

What arousal is needed in the empathy and arousal model of prosocial behaviour?

Answer 21

Empathy.

Question 22

What is the commons dilema?

Answer 22

Commons dilemma is a social dilemma in which cooperation by all benefits all but competition by all harms all.

Question 23

What is empathy?

Answer 23

Empathy is the ability to feel another person’s emotions, thoughts and attitudes.

Question 24

What are the two norms for helping?

Answer 24

Reciprocity principle and social responsibility norm.

Question 25

What is the reciprocity principle?

Answer 25

The law of doing unto others as they do to you.

Question 26

What is the social responsibility norm?

Answer 26

The idea that we should help people who are dependent and in need. It is contradicted by another norm that discourages interfering in other people’s lives.

Question 27

What can the reciprocity principle refer to?

Answer 27

It can refer to an attempt to gain compliance by first doing someone a favour, or to mutual aggression or mutual attraction.

Question 28

What is the bystander calculus model?

Answer 28

Bystander calculus model is that in attending an emergency, the bystander calculates the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those associated with not helping.

Question 29

What are the three components of the bystander calculus model?

Answer 29

1) Physiological arousal 2) Naming the arousal 3) Evaluating the consequences

Question 30

What are empathy costs?

Answer 30

Empathy costs of not helping is Pilavin’s view that failing to help can cause distress to a bystander who emphasizes with a victim’s plight.

Question 31

What are personal costs?

Answer 31

Personal costs of not helping a victim in distress can be costly to a bystander.

Question 32

What is empathetic concern?

Answer 32

Empathetic concern is an element in Batson’s theory of helping behaviour. In contrast to personal distress (which may lead us to flee from the situation) it includes feelings of warmth, being soft hearted and having a compassion for a person in need.

Question 33

What is modelling?

Answer 33

Modelling is a tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real life or symbolic model.

Question 34

What is the social learning theory?

Answer 34

Social learning theory us the view championed by Bandura that human social behaviour is not innate but learned from appropriate models.

Question 35

What is learning by vicarious experience?

Answer 35

Learning by vicarious experience is that acquiring a behaviour after observing that another person was rewarded for it.

Question 36

What is the just world hypothesis?

Answer 36

Just world hypothesis is that according to Lerner and Miller, people need to believe that the world is a just place where they get what they deserve.

Question 37

What is evidence of the just world hypothesis?

Answer 37

As evidence of under deserved suffering undermines this belief, people may conclude that victims deserve their fate.

Question 38

What is the bystander intervention?

Answer 38

The bystander intervention is that this occurs when an individual breaks out the role of a bystander and helps another person in an emergency.

Question 39

Are situational factors important determinants in the contexts of emrgencies?

Answer 39

Yes.

Question 40

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 40

Bystander effect is that people are less likely to help in an emergency when they are with others than when alone.

Question 41

What is an example of the bystander effect?

Answer 41

The greater the number, the less likely it is that anyone will help.

Question 42

What are the four stages of Latene's and Darley's cognitive model for prosocial behaviour?

Answer 42

1) Attend to what is happening 2) Define event as emergency 3) Assume responsibility 4) Decide what needs to be done

Question 43

What is an emergency situation?

Answer 43

Emergency situation often involves an unusual event, can vary in nature is unplanned and requires a quick response.

Question 44

What is diffusion of respoonsibility?

Answer 44

Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency of an individual to assume that others will take responsibility.

Question 45

What is terror management theory?

Answer 45

The terror management theory is the notion that the most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of inevitability if death.

Question 46

What is self esteem in terror management theory?

Answer 46

Self esteem may be centrally implicated in effective terror management.

Question 47

What are attachment styles?

Answer 47

Attachment styles are the description of the nature of people’s close relationships, thought to be established in childhood.

Question 48

What is fear of social blunders?

Answer 48

Fear of social blunders is the dread of acting inappropriately or of making a foolish mistake witnessed by others. The desire to ridicule inhibits effective responses to an emergency by members of a group.

Question 49

What has research into individual attributes of helpers presented?

Answer 49

A mixed picture.

Question 50

What are personality correlates of helping?

Answer 50

Weak.

Question 51

What personality factors may influence helping?

Answer 51

People’s mood, attachment style and competence can have considerable influence in some contexts.

Question 52

What are mood states?

Answer 52

These are your own emotions.

Question 53

How do mood states affect helping behaviour?

Answer 53

If you are feeling good, they are less preoccupied with your self and can help others.