Week 4 (A) - Complete Flashcards
(40 cards)
What are the six potential locations of dysfunction in the nervous system (think movement)
M A S C B C
- Muscle
- Alpha motor neuron
- Spinal cord
- Cortex (PPC, PFC, PMC)
- Basal Ganglia
- Cerebellum
What defines APRAXIA?
- ‘without action’ but not paralysed
2. Can’t perform actions in response to verbal instructions
What are the FOUR types of APRAXIA
- Limb
- Oral (speech or muscle)
- Constructional
- Apraxic agraphia (rare)
What causes APRAXIA?
Legions on the parietal lobe
If someone has LIMB APRAXIA, where on the parietal lobe will the legions be?
Left frontal parietal
If someone has CONSTRUCTIONAL APRAXIA, where on the parietal lobe will the legions be?
Right parietal
What is the treatment for APRAXIA
Physical/OT, speech therapy
What defines ATAXIA?
- without coordination
2. Poor coordination, speech changes, unsteady walking, swallowing difficulty
Damage in what brain region causes ATAXIA?
Cerebellum
What are the six potential causes of Cerebellar damage that might lead to ATAXIA?
A S T M H V
- Alcohol abuse
- Strokes
- Tumors
- MS
- Hereditary (eg Frederick’s)
- Viruses (eg chickenpox)
How do you treat ATAXIA?
- Treat the underlying cause (if possible
2. Physical/OT, speech therapy, mollify devices
What are the three symptoms we discussed in relation to PARKINSONS
- Physical - muscle tremors, slow movements, rigidity
- Cognition - Cognitive difficulties, memory loss, depression
- Loss of olfaction (early)
What is the direct cause of PARKINSONS, and what two things contribute?
- Neuronal death in SUBSTANTIAL NIGRA (which is where dopamine comes from)
Genetic and environmental contributors
What are the two pathways of dysfunction in PARKINSONS
Nobody knows
What’s the funny thing about gait when it comes to PARKINSONS
It can freeze, but then some things can unfreeze it -
- Marching
- Stepping with rhythmical music
- stepping over an imaginary line
What are the four treatments for PARKINSONS
- Behavioural (exercise)
- Carbidopa-levodopa/Dopamine agonists
- MAO-B inhibitors (inhibit breakdown of dopamine)
- Deep brain stimulation (advanced disease)
What type of disease is POLIO, and what portion of sufferers are symptomatic?
- VIRAL
2. 5-10%
Tell me more about the symptoms of POLIO
– Symptomatic: flu like symptoms, full recovery.
– Non-Paralytic (1%): headache, pain, fever, vomiting, and irritability. Full recovery.
– Paralytic (0.5%): muscle weakness/paralysis. Some patients recover, others not at all.
– Post-polio syndrome (25-50%): weakness years after infection.
Which part of the body does PARALYTIC POLIO attack?
Spinal alpha motor neurons
What is the best treatment for POLIO?
There ain’t no treatment for polio
You gotta prevent via vaccine
What the hell is MYASTHENIA GRAVIS?
A disease of muscle weakness and fatigue, usually starting with head
muscles (often eyelids).
What causes MYASTHENIA GRAVIS?
Auto-immune
immune system creates antibodies that bind to the Acetylcholine receptor.
How do you treat MYASTHENIA GRAVIS?
- Immunosuppressants
2. Acetycholineesterase inhibitors to increase the time that Ach is present in the neurotransmitter junction
What is ANARCHIC HAND or ALIEN HAND SYNDROME?
Involuntary, yet purposeful, hand movements (guy grabbing his own neck) (very rare)
