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Anatomy > Z 342 lab final > Flashcards

Z 342 lab final Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

outer and middle ear function in

A

hearing only

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2
Q

inner ear function in

A

hearing and equilibrium

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3
Q

auricle/pinna

A

elastic cartilage; funnels sound waves into external auditroy meatus; helix = rim; lobule = earlobe

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4
Q

external auditory meatus

A

transmits sound to eardrum; temporal bone

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5
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum; connective tissue, vibrates and transfers sound energy to tiny bones of middle ear

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6
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic cavity; small air-filled musosa lined cavity in temporal bone; malleus, incus, stapesl; opening to auditory tube

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7
Q

inner ear

A

bony labyrinth: perylymph; 3 regions: vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea; membranous labyrinth: endolymph

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8
Q

vestibulo….

A

balance

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9
Q

cochlear

A

hearing

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10
Q

physiology of hearing

A
  1. sounds waves vibrate tympanic membrane 2. auditory ossicles vibrat, pressure amplified 3. pressure waves by stapes push on oval window, move through fluuid in scala vestibuli 4. sounds with frequencies below hearing level do not excite har cells 5. sounds in hearing range go through cochlear duct, vicration basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells
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11
Q

auditory pathway

A

ascending; auditory info from cochlear receptors (inner hair cells) to cerebral cortex

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12
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

sends signals to brain that initiate reflexes needed to make changes in position

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13
Q

vestibule

A

sense of static equilibrium (gravity) - key role in maintaining posture; maculae in vestibule wall

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14
Q

semicircular canals

A

sense of dynamic equilibrium (rotation), receptors for rotational head movement; cristae at base of each canal

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15
Q

maculae hair cells

A

monitor position of head in space, key role in controlling posture

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16
Q

otoliths

A

ear stones increase membrane’s weigth over hair cells and resistance to changes in motion; hairs verticle when head upright; hair cells synapse with fibers of vestibular nerve

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17
Q

cristae hair cells

A

cristae is receptor for roational acceleration in semicircular canals; rotational movement - endolympth moves capula in opposite direction

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18
Q

differences between nervous and endocrine

A

endocrine: slower, long term effects, affect target cells (specific or most of body)

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19
Q

similarites between nervous and endocrine

A

communication and coordination of responses, some organs shared, stimulated by sensory input by neurons, hypothalamic control of both (endocrine and autonomic NS)

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20
Q

exocrine glands

A

produce non hormonal substances

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21
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones (single or many), variable stimuli elicit hormone secretion

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22
Q

master regulator of endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

9 pituitary hormones

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH, ADH

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24
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and ADH

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25
amino acid based hormones
water soluble, free in blood, acts on cell membrane receptors, shorter half life
26
steroid based hormones
fat soluble, via carrier proteins in blood, acts on receptors inside cell, longer half life, snythesized from choleserol, only gonadal and adrenocortical hormone are steroids
27
humoral stimulus
ion concentration in blood
28
neural stimulus
stress, preganglionic, sypathetic nerve fibers
29
hormonal stimulus
hormones secreted by hypothalamus
30
negative feedback
production of end product inhibits production of intermediary product
31
permissiveness
hormone needs another to have full effect
32
synergism
effects of presence of 2 hormones together is amplified
33
antagonism
one hormone opposes the action of another
34
TRH
thyrotropin releasing hormone; produced and released by hypothalamus, target cells: anterior pituitary that release TSH
35
TSH
thyroid stimulation hormone; produced and released by anterior pituitary, target cells: cells of thyrid gland
36
TH
thyroid hormone (T3 or T4); produced and released by thyroid, target cells: al cells of body, metabolic rate of body
37
GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone; produced and released by hypothalamus; target cells: anterior pituitary that produce FSH adn LH
38
GH
growth hormone; produced and released by anterior pituitary; target cells: all cells of body
39
GHRH
growth hormone releasing hormone; produced and secreted by hypothalamus; target cells: cells of anterior pituitary that make GH
40
GHIH
growth hormone inhibiting hormone, somatostatin; produced and released by hypothalamus; target cells: anterior pituitary that mke GH
41
IGFs
insulin like growth factors, somatomedians; produced and released by liver; target cells: all cells of body
42
PTH
paraythroid hormone; produced and released by parathyroid glands; target cells: bone, GI tract, kidney
43
calcitonin
produced and released by thyroid gland; target cells: bone, GI tract, kidney
44
glucagon
produced and released by pancreas; target cells: muscle, liver, fat
45
insulin
produced and released by pancreas; target cells: all cells except neural
46
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone; produced and released by pituitary; target cells: gonads (sustentacular cells of male, follicle cells of femal)
47
LH
lutenizing hormone; produced and released by anterior pitutiary; target cells: gonads (interstitial leydig cells in male, follicle cells and eggs of female)
48
testosterone
produced and released by leydig (interstitial) cells of testes; target cells: all cells of body, sustentacular (sertoli) cells
49
estrogen
produced and released by follicle cells of ovaries, placenta; target cells: all cells, uterus, ovary
50
inhibin
produced and released by cells of testes and ovary; target cells: hypothalamus, anterior pituitary that make FSH
51
progesterone
produced and released by follicle cells of ovary (corpus luteum); target cells: uterus, breasts
52
CRH
corticotropin releasing factor; produced and released by hypothalamus; target cells: anterior pituitary that make ACTH
53
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone; produced and released by anterior pituitary; target cells: adrenal cortex
54
epinephrine/norepinephrine
produced and released by adrenal medulla; target cells: all cells of body
55
glucocorticoids
cortisol, corticosterone, etc; produced and released by adrenal cortex; target cells: liver, all body cells
56
steriod hormones are synthesized from
cholesterol
57
seminal vesicles
enhance sperm motility and fertility; yellow, viscous alkaline fluid w/fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulate, and prostaglandins, 70% of volume
58
prostate gland
activates sperm; milky, slightly acidid, citrate, enzymes, 30% of semen
59
bulbourethral gland
neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra, thick, clear mucus
60
path of sperm
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, penis
61
semen + sperm
10% sperm, 20-150 million sperm, pH 7.3-7.7
62
estrogen released by
follicel cells
63
progesterone released by
corupus luteum
64
fibrous tunic
cornea and sclera
65
sclera
white of eye
66
cornea
outer covering, light bending
67
pupil constricts as circular muscles
contract
68
pupil dilated as radial muscles
contract (circular muscles relax)
69
superior oblique
move eye down and laterally; trochlear (IV)
70
inferior oblique
move eye up and laterally; oculomotor (III)
71
lateral rectus
abducens (VI)
72
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique
oculomotor (III)
73
3 tunics of eye
fibrous = sclera and cornea; vascular = choroid, ciliary body, iris; neural = 2 layered retina
74
crystalins
proteins that make up lens
75
accommodation
change in lens shape to focus on near object ; when ciliary muscle relaxes, suspensory ligaments stretch on lens which flattens it; when ciliary muscle contracts there is less pressure to stretch so lens is fat
76
optic chiasm
where sides cross in visual pathway
77

Anatomy (16 decks)

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