10. Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
cardiovascular system
A
provides transportation of oxygen, water, nutrients, and other substances to every cell in the body
right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle
2
Q
systemic circulation
A
general blood circulation of the body, excluding the lungs
begins with blood being pumped out of the left side of the heart
AKA greater circulation
3
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
the flow of blood through the vessels between the lungs and the heart, responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide
right side of the heart → blood to lungs to absorb O2 and release CO2 → blood picks up O2 from the lungs → vessels deliver now-oxygenated blood back to left side of heart where it is then pumped to the rest of the body
4
Q
coronary circulation
A
circulation of blood through the heart itself
5
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
6
Q
arteriol/o
A
arteriole
7
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
8
Q
capillar/o
A
capillary
9
Q
cardi/o, cordi/o, coron/o
A
heart
10
Q
pulmon/o
A
lung
11
Q
system/o
A
system
12
Q
ven/o, phleb/o
A
vein
13
Q
venul/o
A
venule
14
Q
vascul/o, angi/o, vas/o
A
vessel
15
Q
aorta
A
main trunk of the systemic arterial system
starts at the left ventricle, rises upward, bends over the root of the left lung, and then descends within the thorax, through the diaphragm, and into the abdominal cavity
16
Q
artery
A
a large blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart and to other areas of the body
17
Q
capillaries
A
microscopic blood vessels that join the arterioles and venules, creating a network in almost all parts of the body
only one blood cell at a time can pass through
18
Q
vein
A
a vessel through which blood travels from various parts or organs back to the heart
19
Q
vena cava
VEE nah KAY vah
venae cavae
VEE nee KAY vee
A
one of the two large veins transporting blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the peripheral circulation
20
Q
coronary arteries
A
arteries that supply the heart muscle
21
Q
atria
A
upper chambers of the heart
22
Q
ventricles
A
lower chambers of the heart
23
Q
septum
A
tissue wall between the chambers of the heart
24
Q
endocardium
A
thin tissue that lines each chamber and valve of the heart
25
myocardium
cardiac muscle surrounding each chamber
26
pericardium
double-folded layer of connective tissue that surrounds the heart
has two surfaces:
1) inner visceral pericardium (epicardium)
2) outer parietal pericardium not in direct contact with the heart
27
apic/o
apex
28
endocardi/o
endocardium
29
my/o
muscle
30
myocardi/o
myocardium
31
pericardi/o
pericardium
32
sept/o
septum
partition
33
ventricul/o
ventricle
34
endo-
within
35
epi-
above
36
inter-
between
37
pre-
before, in front of
38
peri-
surrounding
39
tricuspid valves (TV)
valves with three main cusps, located between the right ventricle and right atrium of the heart
40
semilunar valve
squeezes blood into the pulmonary arteries (PA) from the right ventricle to deliver all deoxygenated blood to the lungs
41
pulmonary veins (PV)
carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the left side of the heart
42
mitral valve (MV)
valve through which blood enters the left ventricle (LV) from the left atrium (LA)
AKA bicuspid valve
43
aortic semilunar valve
valve through which blood is pushed from left ventricle into the aorta for circulation throughout the body
44
optimum blood pressure
systole under 120
diastole under 80
45
normal blood pressure
systole 120-139
diastole 80-84
46
high-normal blood pressure
systole 130-139
diastole 85-89
47
stroke volume
amount of blood expelled from the left ventricle compared with the total volume of blood filling it
measure of the ejection fraction of cardiac output
48
sinoatrial (SA) node
clusters of hundreds of cells in the right atrial wall of the heart, near the opening of the superior vena cava, comprising a knot of modified heart muscle that produces impulses that move quickly throughout the muscle fibers (Purkinje fibers) of both atria, causing them to contract
node at which initial electrical signal for the heartbeat begins
contains specialized cells with an intrinsic rhythm independent of any stimulation by nerve impulses from the brain or the spinal cord
called the cardiac pacemaker
49
atrioventricular (AV) node
in right atrium
receives signal from SA node and passes it along the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers which stimulate both ventricles to contract, forcing blood out of hte pulmonary arteries and aorta
50
Purkinje fibers
myocardial fibers that constitute the terminal ends of the bundle branches
51
arrhythmia
any deviation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
AKA dysrhythmia
52
electrocardiograph (ECG)
a device used to record the electronic impulses of the heart as wave deflections of a needle
53
bundle of His
AKA atrioventricular bundle
54
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
regular heart rhythm
55
beats per minute (bpm)
heart rate measured in pulsations per minute
56
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
57
pallor
paleness of skin or mucous membranes
on darker pigmented skin, it may be noted on the inner surfaces of the lower eyelids or the nail beds
58
syncope
fainting or loss of consciousness
59
atypical pain
a type of cardiac pain
stabbing or burning pain unrelated to exertion
60
ischemic pain
a type of cardiac pain
pressing, squeezing, or weightlike pain caused by decreased blood supply
61
bruit
broo ee
abnormal sound heard when auscultating an artery (not the heart)
usually a blowing or swishing sound, higher pitched than a murmur
62
bradycardia
brad dee car dee uh
slow heartbeat, with ventricular contractions less than 60 bpm
63
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
64
cyanosis
lack of oxygen in blood, seen as a bluish or grayish discoloration of skin, nail beds, and/or lips
65
dyspnea
DISP nee uh
difficult and/or painful breathing
66
emesis
expelling the contents of the stomach through the esophagus and mouth; vomiting
67
murmur
abnormal heart sound heard during systole, diastole, or both, which may be described as a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound
68
palpitations
pounding or racing of the heart, such that the patient is aware of his/her heartbeat
69
pulmonary congestion
excessive amount of blood in the pulmonary vessels
usually associated with heart failure
70
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat, more than 100 bpm
71
thrill
fine vibration felt by the examiner on palpation
72
venous distension
enlarged or swollen veins
73
coarctation
narrowing
74
coarctation of the aorta
congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta
75
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
congenitally abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth, most often in premature infants
Fig. B
76
septal defect
any congenital abnormality of the walls between the heart chambers
Fig. A
77
atrial septal defect (ASD)
a congenital hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart
78
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
a congenital hole in the wall between the lower two chambers of the heart
79
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital cardiac anomaly that consists of four defects:
1. pulmonic stenosis
2. ventricular septal defect
3. malposition of the aorta, so that it arises from the septal defect or the right ventricle
4. right ventricular hypertrophy
Fig B
80
stenosis
narrowing
81
aortic stenosis (AS)
narrowing of the aortic valve, which may be acquired or congenital
82
mitral regurgitation (MR)
backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium in systole across a diseased valve. It may be the result of congenital valve abnormalities, rheumatic fever, or mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
83
mitral stenosis (MS)
narrowing of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle caused by adhesions on the leaflets of the valve, usually the result of recurrent episodes of rheumatic endocarditis
left atrial hypertrophy develops and may be followed by right-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema (cor pulmonale)
84
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole
85
orthopnea
or THOP nee uh
condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe comfortably
86
tricuspid stenosis (TS)
relatively uncommon narrowing of the tricuspid valve associated with lesions of other valves caused by rheumatic fever
symptoms include jugular vein distention and pulmonary congestion
87
valvulitis
inflammatory condition of a valve, especially a cardiac valve, caused most commonly by rheumatic fever and less frequently by bacterial endocarditis or syphilis
results are stenoses and obstructed blood flow
88
rheumatic fever
an inflammatory disease that may follow an inadequately treated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract
usually occurs in school-age children and may affect the heart, brain, joints, or skin
89
atrial flutter
rapid, regular atrial rhythm
90
atrioventricular (AV) block
partial or complete heart block that is the result of lack of electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles
AKA heart block
91
bundle branch block (BBB)
incomplete electrical conduction in the bundle branches, either left or right to the ventricles
92
ectopic beats
heartbeats that occur outside of a normal rhythm
93
atrial ectopic beats (AEB)
`irregular contractions of the atria
AKA premature atrial contractions (PAC)
94
ventricular ectopic beats (VEB)
irregular contractions of the ventricles
AKA premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
95
fibrillation
disturbance of the heart's rhythm in which there are rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions (300-600/min) of the atria or ventricles
can occur with or without an underlying cardiovascular disorder, such as coronary artery disease
can occur in either the atrium or the ventricles
96
ventricular tachycardia
ventricular contraction \>100 bpm
97
sick sinus syndrome (SSS)
any abnormality of the sinus node
98
atrial fibrillation (AF)
most common type of cardiac arrhythmia; a series of extremely rapid and irregular atrial contractions (300-600 per minute) occurring with or without an underlying cardiovascular disorder, such as coronary artery disease or hypertension
99
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
PEAR ock sis mul
atrial fibrillation occurring as a marked episode
100
ventricular fibrillation (VF)
rapid contraction of the ventricles reflects a complete lack of organized electrical activity
often the terminal event in sudden cardiac death
101
angina pectoris
an JYE nuh
paroxysmal chest pain that is often accompanied by shortness of breath and a sensation of impending doom
treatable with sublingual or dermal nitroglycerin (NTG)
102
coronary artery disease (CAD)
accumulation and hardening of plaque in the coronary arteries that eventually can deprive the heart muscle of oxygen, leading to angina
103
myocardial infarction (MI)
cardiac tissue death that occurs when the coronary arteries are occluded (blocked) by an atheroma, a mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery, or a blood clot caused by an atheroma, and are thus unable to carry enough oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
104
atherosclerosis
form of arteriosclerosis in which medium and large arteries have atheromas, which can reduce or obstruct blood flow
patients with peripheral atherosclerosis complain of intermittent claudication
105
cardiomyopathy
progressive disorder of the ventricles of the heart
106
cardiac tamponade
tam puhn ahd
compression of the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial sac
Fig A
107
heart failure
inability of the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently, so that it becomes overloaded
the heart enlarges with unpumped blood, and the lungs fill with fluid
previously referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF)
108
pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, with the possibility of pericardial effusion
109
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves, characterized by lesions and caused by a number of different microbes
110
aneurysm
localized dilation of an artery caused by a congenital or acquired weakness in the wall of the vessel
acquired causes may be arteriosclerosis, trauma, infection, and/or inflammation
111
arteriosclerosis
disease in which the arterial walls become thickened and lose their elasticity, without the presence of atheromas
112
claudication
cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles
113
esophageal varices
varicose veins that appear at the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal hypertension; they are superficial and may cause ulceration and bleeding
114
hemorrhoid
varicose condition of the external or internal rectal veins that causes painful swellings at the anus
115
hypertension
condition of high or elevated blood pressure that occurs in two forms:
1. primary (essential) hypertension which has no identifiable cause
2. secondary hypertension, which occurs in response to another disorder
AKA arterial hypertension
116
peripheral arterial occlusion
blockage of blood flow to the extremities
acute or chronic conditions may be present, but patients with both types of conditions are likely to have underlying atherosclerosis
117
Raynaud disease
RAY noh
idiopathic disease of the peripheral vascular system that causes intermittent cyanosis/erythema due to spasming of the vessel walls of the distal ends of the fingers and toes
118
varicose veins
elongated, dilated superficial veins with incompetent valves that permit reverse blood flow
most often appear in lower extremities
119
thrombophlebitis
throm boh fluh BYE tis
inflammation of either deep veins (deep vein thrombosis, DVT) or superficial veins
120
atrial myxoma
mick SOH mah
bnign growth usually occurring on the interatrial septum
121
hemangioma
noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels
ay be congenital ("stork bite") or develop later in life
122
cardiac myxosarcoma
rare cancer of the heart usually originating in the left atrium
123
hemangiosarcoma
hee man jee oh sar KOH mah
rare cancer of the cells that line the blood vessels
124
myx/o
mucus
125
varic/o
dilated vein
126
ather/o
fat, plaque
127
lipid profile
blood test to measure the lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the circulating blood
128
cardiac enzymes test
blood test that measures the amount of cardiac enzymes characteristically released during a myocardial infarction
determines the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the blood
129
echocardiography
use of ultrasonic waves directed through the heart to study the structure and motion of the heart
130
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
images the heart through a transducer introduced into the esophagus
131
exercise stress test (EST)
imaging of the heart during exercise on a treadmill, with the use of radioactive thallium or technetium (Tc99m) sestamibi
132
Holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph that is worn to record the reaction of the heart to daily activities
133
magenetic resonance imaging (MRI)
computerized imaging that uses radiofrequency pulses in a magnetic field to detect areas of myocardial infarction, stenoses, and areas of blood flow
134
myocardial perfusion imaging
use of radionuclide to diagnose CAD, valvular or congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy
135
positron emission tomography (PET)
computerized nuclear medicine procedure that uses inhaled or injected radioactive substances to help identify how much a patient will benefit from revascularization procedures
136
radiography
posteroanterior and lateral chest x-rays may be used to evaluate the size and shape of the heart
137
angiocardiography
injection of a radiopaque substance during cardiac catheterization for the purpose of imaging the heart and related structures
138
cardiac catheterization
threading of a catheter (thin tube) into the heart to collect diagnostic information about structures in the heart, coronary arteries, and great vessels and potentially insert stent implants
also used to aid in treatment of CAD, congenital abnormalities, and heart failure
139
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
digital imaging process used for nonmoving arteries wherein contrast images are used to "subtract" the noncontrast image of surrounding structures, leaving only a clear image of blood vessels
140
Swan-Ganz catheter
long, thin cardiac catheter with a tiny balloon at the tip that is fed into the femoral artery near the groin and extended up to the left ventricle
this instrument is then used to determine left ventricular function by measuring pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
141
atherectomy
removal of plaque from the coronary artery (or other arteries) through a catheter with a rotating shaver or a laser
if a laser is used, procedure is called laser angioplasty
142
laser angioplasty
procedure in which plaque is vaporized by pulsating beams of light through a catheter introduced into the coronary artery at the site of the blockage
may be used alone or with balloon angioplasty
143
cardiac defibrillator
either external or implantable device that provide an electronic shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm
144
cardiac pacemaker
small, battery-operated device that helps the heart beat in a regular rhythm
can be either internal (permanent) or external (temporary)
145
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
manual external cardiac massage and artificial respiration used to restart the heartbeat and breathing of a patient
146
commissurotomy
KAHM ih shur aht uh mee
surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding parts of a body structure
commonly performed to separate the thickened, adherent leaves of a stenosed mitral valve
147
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
open-heart surgery in which a piece of a blood vessel from another location is grafted onto one of the coronary arteries to reroute blood around a blockage
148
extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
use of a cardiopulmonary machine to do the work of the heart during open-heart procedures
149
heart transplantation
removal of a diseased heart and transplantation of a donor heart when cardiace disease can no longer be treated by any other means
150
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
mechanical pump device that assists a patient's weakened heart by pulling blood from the left ventricle into the pump and then ejecting it out into the aorta
LVADs may be used on those patients awaiting a transplant
151
minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB)
surgical procedure in which the heart is still beating while a minimal incision is made over the blocked coronary artery, and an artery from the chest wall is used as the bypass
152
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
surgical procedure in which a catheter is threaded into the coronary artery affected by atherosclerotic heart disease
the balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated and deflated to compress the plaque against the wall of the artery and increase blood flow
stents are placed in the arteries and used to prop them open after the angioplasty
153
pericardiocentesis
aspiration of fluid from the pericardium to treat cardiac tamponade
Fig B
154
port-access coronary artery bypass (PACAB)
procedure in which the heart is stopped and surgery is accomplished through small incisions in the chest
155
radiofrequency catheter ablation
destruction of abnormal cardiac electrical pathways causing arrhythmias
156
transmyocardial revascularization (TMR)
procedure used to relieve severe angina in a patient who cannot tolerate a CABG or PTCA
with a laser, a series of holes is made in the heart tissue in the hope of increasing blood flow by stimulating new blood vessels to grow (angiogenesis)
157
valvuloplasty
VAL vyoo loh plas tee
repair of a stenosed heart valve with the use of a balloon-tipped catheter
158
balloon angioplasty
involves threading a catheter into the affected coronary artery and inflating and deflating a balloon at its tip to compress plaque against the wall of the artery to increase blood flow
159
hemorrhoidectomy
excision of hemorrhoids
160
ligation and stripping
tying (ligating) of varicose veins and their removal in severe cases
161
sclerotherapy
injection of chemical solution into varicosities to cause inflammation, resulting in an obliteration of the lining of the vein
blood flow is then rerouted through adjoining vessels
162
commisuro/o
connection
163
AV
atrioventricular
164
LA
left atrium
165
LV
left ventricle
166
MV
mitral valve
167
PA
pulmonary artery
168
PV
pulmonary vein
169
RA
right atrium
170
RV
right ventricle
171
SA
sinoatrial
172
TV
tricuspid valves
173
AEB
atrial ectopic beat
174
AF
atrial fibrillation
175
AS
aortic stenosis
176
ASD
atrial septal defect
177
BBB
bundle branch block
178
CAD
coronary artery disease
179
CHF
congestive heart failure
180
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
181
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
182
MI
myocardial infarction
183
MR
mitral regurgitation
184
MS
mitral stenosis
185
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
186
PAC
premature atrial contraction
187
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
188
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
189
SOB
shortness of breath
190
SSS
sick sinus syndrome
191
TS
tricuspid stenosis
192
VEB
ventricular ectopic beat
193
VF
ventricular fibrillation
194
VSD
ventricular septal defect
195
VT
ventricular tachycardia
196
BP
blood pressure
197
bpm
beats per minute
198
CPK
creatinine phosphokinase
199
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
200
ECG, EKG
electrocardiography
201
EST
exercise stress test
202
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
203
TEE
transesophageal echocardiogram
204
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
205
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
206
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
207
ICD
implantable cardiac defibrillator
208
MIDCAB
minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass
209
PACAB
port-access coronary artery bypass
210
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
211
TMR
transmyocardial revascularization
212
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
213
atheroma
a mass of fat or lipids on the wall of an artery
