16. Oncology Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
sarc/o
A
connective tissue, flesh
2
Q
carcin/o
A
cancer of epithelial origin
3
Q
plas/o
A
formation
4
Q
onc/o
A
tumor
5
Q
ana-
A
up, apart from
6
Q
apo-
A
separate, away from
7
Q
dys-
A
abnormal
8
Q
ecto-
A
outer
9
Q
endo-
A
inner
10
Q
hyper-
A
excessive
11
Q
meso-
A
middle
12
Q
meta-
A
beyond, change
13
Q
neo-
A
new
14
Q
-derm
A
skin, layer
15
Q
-gen
A
substance producing
16
Q
-genesis
A
production of
17
Q
-plasia
A
formation
18
Q
-ptosis
A
falling, sagging
19
Q
-sarcoma
A
cancer of connective tissue
20
Q
-stasis
A
stopping, controlling
21
Q
oncology
A
study of tumors, or neoplasms
all cancers are neoplasms, but not all are cancerous/malignant
22
Q
benign tumors
A
Growth: relatively slow by expansion; encapsulated; cells adhere to each other
Histologically: resembles tissue of origin; well differentiated; appear normal
Spread: remains isolated
Other: No tissue destruction; not prone to hemorrhage; may be smooth and freely movable
Recurrence: rare after excision
Pathogenesis: symptoms related to location with obstruction and/or compression of surrounding tissue or organs; usually not life-threatening unless inaccessible
23
Q
malignant tumors
A
Growth: rapid; invades surrounding tissues by infiltration
Histology: does not resemble tissue of origin; vary in size and shape; abnormal appearance and function
Spread: metastasis; cancer cells carried by blood and lymphatics to one or more other locations; secondary tumors occur
Other: ulceration and/or necrosis; prone to hemorrhage; irregular and less movable
Recurrence: a common characteristic
Pathogenesis: cachexia; pain; fatal if not controlled
24
Q
metastasis
meh TAS stah sis
A
the process by which tumor cells spread from one part or organ to another not directly connected with it
25
carcinomas
almost always derive from the outer (ectoderm) and inner (endoderm) layers of the embryo (i.e., the layers that develop into epithelial tissue to cover or line the surfaces of the body)
comprise the majority of malignant tumors
26
adenocarcinoma
a malignant growth derived from glandular tissue or in which the cells of the tumor form recognizable glandular structures
one of the most common type of cancers derived from epithelial tissue
27
squamous cell carcinoma
a slow-growing malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelium
most frequently found in the lungs and the skin
also occurring in the cervix, nose, larynx, anus, and bladder
28
sarcomas
less common cancer derived from the middle (mesoderm) layer that becomes connective tissue (bones, muscle, cartilage, blood vessels, and fat)
29
osteosarcoma
bone sarcoma
AKA Ewing sarcoma
30
leukemia
bone marrow cancer
31
myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow
32
lymphoma
cancer in lymphatic tissue
33
mixed-cell tumors
combination of cells from within or b/w two cancer categories
34
carcinogens
cancer-causing agents
35
apoptosis
APP pop toh sis
the body's normal restraining function in keeping cell growth in check
programmed cell death
36
grading
evaluation of the degree of dedifferentiation (anaplasia), or how much the cancer cells' original appearance has been altered
grades range from I to IV
grade I tumor is very well differentiated, closely reseming the normal tissue of origin
grade IV cells are anaplastic, or undifferentiated, so that it is difficult to recognize what might be the original tissue
37
progression of skin cancer
1. Exposure
2. Cell mutation
3. Hyperplasia
4. Dysplasia
5. Carcinoma in situ
6. Invasive cancer
38
staging
determines the size and spread (metastasis) of a cancer from its original site
uses the TNM system:
**T** = size of the **tumor**
**N** = number of lymph **nodes** involved
**M** = presence of distant **metastases**
ex: T1N2M0
39
anaplasia
apart from normal formation
40
dysplasia
abnormal formation
41
hyperplasia
excessive formation
42
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
tumor antigen used to monitor colorectal cancer
43
bas/o
base
44
chrondr/o
cartilage
45
mut/a
change
46
blast/o
embryonic
47
fibr/o
fiber
48
gli/o
glue
49
squam/o
scale
50
semin/i
semen
51
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle
52
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
53
astr/o
star
54
cachexia
weight loss, weakness, and anorexia
55
basal cell carcinoma
a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a papule and enlarges peripherally, developing a central crater that erodes, crusts, and bleeds
rarely metastasizes but destroys underlying and adjacent tissue
primarily caused by chronic excessive exposure to the sun or radiation
56
Kaposi sarcoma
a cancerous, multifocal neoplasm of reticuloendothelial cells beginning as soft brownish papules on the feet, spreading slowly in the skin, and metastasizing to the lymph nodes and viscera
associated with diabetes, malignant lymphoma, and AIDS
57
cystadenoma
most common benign tumor in the pancreas
58
nephroblastoma
a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring mostly in children under age 5
AKA Wilms tumor
59
seminoma
form of malignant germ cell tumor that develops from the cells that form sperm
60
Paget disease of the breast
malignant neoplasm occurring in the female reproductive system
61
teratoma
tumor composed of different kinds of tissue, none of which normally occur together or at the site of the tumor
most common in the ovaries or testes
62
thymoma
only benign cancer of the blood, lymph, and immune systems
63
cardiac myxosarcoma
rare cancer of the heart that usually originates in the left atrium
64
hemangiosarcoma
rare cancer of the cells that line the blood vessels
65
atrial myxoma
a benign growth usually occurring on the interatrial septum
66
hemangioma
noncancerous tumor of the blood vessels
67
astrocytoma
malignant tumor arising from glial cells
68
medulloblastoma
malignant cancer of the cerebellum
69
neuroblastoma
malignant nervous system cancer that usually affects children under 10
70
meningioma
benign tumor of the meninges
71
neuroma
benign tumor of the nerves
72
neurofibroma
benign, fibrous tumors composed of nervous tissue
73
mesothelioma
malignant lung cancer caused by asbestos exposure
74
pulmonary hamartoma
benign lung neoplasm
75
mucous gland adenoma
benign lung neoplasm
76
papilloma
benign lung neoplasm
77
tumor markers
measure the levels of a variety of biochemical substances detected in blood, urine, or body tissues by often appearing in higher than normal amounts in individuals with certain neoplasms
78
CA125
tumor marker for ovarian cancer detection and management
79
alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP)
increased levels may indicate liver or germ cell cancer
80
CA15-3
tumor marker to monitor breast cancer, helps determine stage
81
CA19-9
tumor marker for pancreatic, stomach, and bile duct cancer
82
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
increased levels may be due to BPH or prostatic cancer
83
stereotactic (3-D) mammography
can be used for an image-guided needle biopsy of the breast
84
computed tomography (CT) scans
provide info about a tumor's size, shape, location, and blood supply
useful in staging cancer and guiding needles for biopsy
85
magenetic resonance imaging (MRI)
offers 3-D images, especially useful for areas of the body that are difficult to image such as the CNS
86
needle aspiration biopsy
enables specialist to examine cells with minimal invastion, either by removing a core of tissue from an organ/mass, or by removing free cells from a fluid-filled cavity
87
nuclear scans
can locate and stage cancer of the thyroid and bone
88
positron emission tomography (PET)
provide data about an internal structure's shape, size, and metabolism
esp with brain, colon, rectum, ovary, and lung
89
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
useful in determining metastases to the bone
90
monoclonal antibodies
used to evaluate cancer of the prostate, colon, breast, ovaries, and melanoma
91
CAUTION criteria
developed by the American Cancer Society
## Footnote
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in the size, shape, color, or thickness of a wart/mole/mouth sore
Nagging cough or hoarseness
92
ABCDE Rule
Asymmetry
Border jagged
Color changes
Diameter larger than 1/4"
Elevation above the skin with uneven surface
93
carcinoma in situ (CIS)
when cancer cells appear only at the original site and have not invaded the organ of origin
severe dysplasia
94
simple mastectomy
removal of the breast containing the cancer
95
en bloc resection
removal of the cancer and lymph nodes
96
radical mastectomy
removal of the breast containing the cancer, along with the lymph nodes and muscle under the breast
97
lymph node dissection
removal of clinically involved lymph nodes
98
margin resection
margins are borders of normal tissue surrounding the cancer
99
radiotherapy
destroys the nuclei of the cancer cells so that they have no ability to reproduce and spread
given to about half of all cancer patients
100
brachytherapy
delivers radiation directly to the cancer through the use of either needles or "seeds" containing radioactive gold, cobalt, or radium
101
chemotherapy
circulation of cancer-destroying medicine throughout the body, used alone or in conjunction with another kind of treatment
102
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
delivers bone marrow from a matching donor to patients who are incapable of producing healthy blood cells on their own
donor bone marrow stimualtes normal blood cell growth
103
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
disease in which host's immune system rejects donor tissue
104
immunotherapy
therapy that attempts to use the body's own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells
interferons, monoclonal antibodies, and colony-stimulating factors can combat chemotherapy side effects
interleukins stimulate the immune system to destroy tumors
Tc cells are cytotoxic T lymphocytes which are responsible for attacking cancer host cells
105
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
prayer, exercise, massage, and mind-body techniques
106
AML
acute myelogenous leukemia
107
BSE
breast self-examination
108
bx
biopsy
109
CA
cancer
110
CA27-29
tumor marker to check for recurrence of breast cancer
111
CLL
chronic myelogenous leukemia
112
G
grade
113
mets
metastases
114
NSCLC
non-small cell lung cancer
115
Tc
cytotoxic T lymphocyte
116
TCC
transitional cell carcinoma
117
TNM
tumor-nodes-metastases
118
TSE
testicular self-examination
119
120
rhabdomyosarcoma
a highly malignant tumor that is derived from primitive striated muscle cells
occurs most commonly in the head and the neck
121
