8. Female Reproductive System Flashcards

Question

mamm/o, mast/o

Answer 1

labor, delivery

Answer 2

failure of the ovary to release an ovum

Answer 3

bilateral presence of numerous cysts, caused by a hormonal abnormality leading to the secretion of androgens can cause acne, facial hair, and infertility

Answer 4

scar tissue that binds surfaces together a sequela (suh KWEL uh) of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), in which, as a result of the inflammation, the tubes heal closed, causing infertility

Answer 5

condition of blood in the fallopian tubes

Answer 6

condition of fluid in the fallopian tubes

Answer 7

condition of pus in the fallopian tubes

Answer 8

inflammation of the fallopian tubes, a part of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 9

condition in which endometrial tissue proliferates outside the uterine cavity can interfere with the ability to conceive caused by the backward flow of tissue fragments during menstruation

Answer 10

falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal location in the body AKA uterine prolapse

Answer 11

ondition in which the body of the uterus is bent backwards, forming an angle with the cervix AKA "tipped uterus."

Answer 12

lack of menstrual flow

Answer 13

abnormal uterine bleeding not caused by a tumor, inflammation, or pregnancy PMB stands for postmenopausal bleeding.

Answer 14

painful menstrual flow, cramps

Answer 15

excessive menstrual flow and uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation

Answer 16

abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual period may be an indication of fibroids

Answer 17

uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation may be caused by uterine lesions

Answer 18

abnormally light menstrual flow menorrhea refers to the normal discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus

Answer 19

abnormally frequent menstrual flow

Answer 20

mood disorder that includes depression, irritability, fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, and difficulty concentrating occurs 1 to 2 weeks before the onset of the menstrual flow

Answer 21

poorly understood group of symptoms that occur in some women on a cyclic basis: Breast pain, irritability, fluid retention, headache, and lack of coordination are some of the symptoms

Answer 22

inflammation of the cervix that can produce a whitish discharge called leukorrhea

Answer 23

whitish discharge usually resulting from cervicitis

Answer 24

downward displacement of the vagina AKA colpoptosis (kohl pop TOH sis)

Answer 25

inflammation of the vagina

Answer 26

inflammation of the external female genitalia

Answer 27

idiopathic syndrome of nonspecific complaints of pain of the vulva

Answer 28

inflammation of the vulva and vagina

Answer 29

inflammation of the mammary gland

Answer 30

inflammation of the nipples AKA acromastitis, meaning inflammation of the extremities of the breast

Answer 31

abnormal cervical cell formation that may or may not devleop into cancer `reported in grades I, II, and III AKA cervical dysplasia

Answer 32

the excessive development of cells in the uterine lining of itself, benign but can become malignant

Answer 33

noncancerous breast tumors composed of fibrous and glandular tissue

Answer 34

formerly called fibrocystic disease, this benign condition affects the glandular and stromal tissue changes may take a variety of forms with typical symptoms of cysts, lumpiness, and/or pain

Answer 35

benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus usually nonpainful growths may be removed surgically AKA fibroids

Answer 36

a benign, fluid-filled sac either a follicular cyst, which occurs when a follicle does not rupture at ovulation, or a cyst of the corpus luteum, caused when it does not continue its transformation

Answer 37

malignant cancer that develops from the cells that line the uterus most common uterine cancer

Answer 38

an inherited mutation of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is linked to the risk of this malignancy and breast cancer

Answer 39

most common type of breast cancer that arises from the cells lining the milk ducts

Answer 40

rare type of cancer of the smooth muscle of the uterus

Answer 41

make up ~15% of breast cancers tumors begin in the glandular tissue of the breast at the ends of the milk ducts

Answer 42

rare malignancy of the nipple that can occur in both women and men

Answer 43

most common type of cervical cancer thought to be caused by HPV one of the most curable cancers with early detection

Answer 44

photographic procedure in which a specially designed 35-mm camera is used to image the entire cervix to produce a slide called a cervigram used to detect early cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical cancer can be combined with colposcopy or done independently

Answer 45

radiographic procedure using contrast medium to image the uterus and fallopian tubes

Answer 46

imaging technique for early detection of breast cancer results in an image called mammogram

Answer 47

measurement of the birth canal types include clinical and x-ray, although x-ray pelvimetry is not commonly done

Answer 48

endoscopic procedure used for a cervical/vaginal biopsy

Answer 49

endoscopic procedure used for biopsy of Douglas' cul-de-sac

Answer 50

endoscopic procedure used for a myomectomy (fibroid removal) or polypectomy (polyp removal)

Answer 51

endoscopic procedure for removing lesions (lysis), performing a hysterectomy, or ovarian biopsy

Answer 52

removal of fluid and cells from the rectouterine pouch to detect dysplasia

Answer 53

laboratory measurements of the presence and extent of specific hormones in specimens of blood, urine, or body tissues useful in evaluating a range of conditions from pregnancy to menopause

Answer 54

exfoliative cytology procedure useful for the detection of vaginal and cervical cancer

Answer 55

test for prenatal diagnosis maternal serum (blood) alpha fetoprotein test performed between 14 and 19 weeks of gestation may indicate a variety of conditions, such as neural tube defects (spina bifida is the most common finding) and multiple gestations

Answer 56

removal and analysis of a sample of the amniotic fluid with the use of a guided needle through the mother's abdomen into the amniotic sac to diagnose a number of fetal abnormalities

Answer 57

removal of a small piece of the outer covering of the fetus, the chorion, either transvaginally or through a small incision in the abdomen, to test for chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 58

test to predict fetal outcome and risk of intrauterine asphyxia by measuring fetal heart rate throughout a minimum of three contractions within a 10-minute period

Answer 59

stimulation of the fetus to monitor for a normal, expected acceleration of the fetal heart rate a nonreactive stress test should be followed by a CST and possible ultrasound studies

Answer 60

test available in two forms: 1. a standard OTC pregnancy test, which examines urine for the presence of hCG 2. a serum (blood) pregnancy test performed in a physician's office or laboratory to get a quantitative hCG a "triple-screen" is a blood test for hCG, AFP, and uE3 (unconjugated estradiol)

Answer 61

resection of the uterine cervix

Answer 62

fixation of the vagina to an adjacent structure to hold it in place

Answer 63

surgical repair of the vagina

Answer 64

procedure involving dilation of the cervix until a scraping tool (curette) can be inserted to remove the lining of the uterus (curettage) used to treat and diagnose conditions such as heavy menstrual bleeding, or to empty the uterus of the products of conception

Answer 65

resection of the uterus may be partial, pan- (all), or include other organs as well (e.g., total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy [TAH-BSO]) the surgical approach is usually stated: whether it is laparoscopic, vaginal, or abdominal

Answer 66

suspension and fixation of a prolapsed uterus

Answer 67

removal of a tumor from a breast

Answer 68

surgical or cosmetic repair of the breast options may include augmentation or reduction

Answer 69

removal of the breast, either unilateral or bilateral

Answer 70

reconstructive procedure to lift and fixate the breasts

Answer 71

resection of an ovary, either unilateral or bilateral

Answer 72

removal of the contents of the pelvic cavity pelvic exenteration is usually done in response to widespread cancer to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, bladder, vagina, rectum, and lymph nodes

Answer 73

resection of a fallopian tube, either unilateral or bilateral

Answer 74

removal of the adhesions in the fallopian tubes to reestablish patency, with the goal of fertility

Answer 75

injection of particles to block a uterine artery that supplies the blood to a fibroid, which causes death of the fibroid

Answer 76

introduction of semen into the vagina by mechanical or instrumental means

Answer 77

laboratory mixing and injection of the ova and sperm into the fallopian tubes so that fertilization occurs naturally within the body

Answer 78

injection of one sperm into the ovum and subsequent transplantation of the resulting zygote into the uterus

Answer 79

procedure that allows the mother's ova to be fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus of either the biologic mother or a surrogate to carry to term

Answer 80

mixing of the ova and sperm in the laboratory, with fertilization confirmed before the zygotes are returned to the fallopian tubes

Answer 81

surgical procedure rendering a person unable to produce children e.g., hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, or tubal ligation

Answer 82

sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut, ligated (tied), and cauterized to prevent the ova released from being fertilized by spermatozoa

Answer 83

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall may result in a severe hemorrhage that can threaten both infant and maternal lives AKA ablatio placentae (ah BLAY she oh plah SEN tee) Fig B

Answer 84

condition in which the infant's head is larger than the pelvic outlet it must pass through, thereby inhibiting normal labor and birth one of the indications for a cesarean section

Answer 85

extremely serious form of hypertension secondary to pregnancy patients are at risk for coma, convulsions, and death

Answer 86

implantation of the embryo in any location but the uterus

Answer 87

condition in which mother is Rh-negative and her fetus is Rh-positive, causing the mother to form antibodies to the Rh-positive factor subsequent Rh-positive pregnancies will be in jeopardy because the mother's anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy fetal blood cells

Answer 88

termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable if spontaneous, it may be termed a miscarriage or a spontaneous abortion if induced, it can be referred to as a therapeutic abortion

Answer 89

condition of low or missing amniotic fluid

Answer 90

placenta that is malpositioned in the uterus, so that it covers the opening of the cervix even slight separation of the placenta from the uterine wall can result in bleeding Fig A

Answer 91

condition of excessive amniotic fluid

Answer 92

abnormal condition of pregnancy with unknown cause, marked by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria AKA toxemia of pregnancy

Answer 93

refers to fetal defecation while in utero indicates fetal distress

Answer 94

abnormal but common occurrence of the umbilical cord wrapped around the neck of the neonate

Answer 95

process of turning the fetus so that the head is at the cervical outlet for a vaginal delivery

Answer 96

suturing the cervix closed to prevent a spontaneous abortion in a woman with an incompetent cervix suture is removed when the pregnancy is at full-term to allow the delivery to proceed normally

Answer 97

delivery of an infant through a surgical abdominal incision necessary with severe hemorrhaging as a result of placenta previa

Answer 98

incision to widen the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing the tissue of the vulva during delivery

Answer 99

rapid birth

Answer 100

difficult birth

Answer 101

delivery of subsequent babies vaginally after a C-section in the past, women were told "once a C-section, always a C-section." Currently, this is being changed by recent developments in technique

Answer 102

(usually) cephalic presentation (head first) through the vagina

Answer 103

feet or buttock presentation through the vagina

Answer 104

rates the physical health of the infant with a set of criteria 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

Answer 105

condition of deficient thyroid hormones undiscovered and untreated, it can lead to retarded growth and brain development if caught at birth, oral doses of the missing thyroid hormone will allow normal development

Answer 106

test for deficiency of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine, found in certain foods, into tyrosine failure to treat this condition will lead to brain damage and mental retardation

Answer 107

estimated delivery date

Answer 108

estrogen replacement therapy

Answer 109

fetal heart rate

Answer 110

human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 111

human menopausal gonadotropin

Answer 112

hormone replacement therapy

Answer 113

last menstrual period

Answer 114

Rhesus factor

Answer 115

total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Answer 116

the first menstruation and establishment of cyclical menstrual function

Answer 117

an endocrine gland that is suspended under the brain in the fossa of the sphenoid bone supplies hormones essential to many vital processes, such as FSH

Answer 118

secreted by the pituitary gland causes the ovary's follicles (tiny secretory sacs in the ovary) to secrete estrogen pituitary gland → FSH → ovary follicles → estrogen → hypothalamus → luteinizing hormone (LH) → ovulation → corpus luteum → estrogen & progesterone → fimbriae move ovum to uterus

Answer 119

released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the follicle to mature and release its ovum (ovulation) pituitary gland → FSH → ovary follicles → estrogen → hypothalamus → luteinizing hormone (LH) → ovulation → corpus luteum → estrogen & progesterone → fimbriae move ovum to uterus

Answer 120

process in which developed ovum/egg is expelled from the ovarian follicle and swept into the fallopian tube ovarian follicles mature → one or more of the ovarian follicles rupture → a developed ovum is released → ruptured follicle develops golden appearance (corpus luteum)

Answer 121

secretes estrogens and progesterone after egg is expelled from the follicle into the fallopian tube, the follicular cells on the surface of the ovary form the corpus luteum last about 12-14 hours if fertilization does not occur if fertilization does occur, the hCG secreted by zygote keeps corpus luteum active ovarian follicles mature → one or more of the ovarian follicles rupture → a developed ovum is released → ruptured follicle develops golden appearance → secretes estrogen & progesterone → deteriorates and becomes nonfunctional if fertilization does not occur

Answer 122

generic term for any steroid that produces estrus responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics, as well as for producing a suitable environment for the fertilization (endometrial thickening), implantation, and nutrition in the early embryo by acting on the female genitalia during the menstrual cycle

Answer 123

principal progestional hormone of the body responsible for the development and maintenance of the endometrial lining released by the corpus luteum, placenta, and the adrenal cortex

Answer 124

the feathery ends of each fallopian tube, draws matured ovum into the tube

Answer 125

accessory organs of the uterus includes fallopian tubes and ovaries

Answer 126

secretory sac

Answer 127

outer layer of uterus

Answer 128

muscle layer of uterus

Answer 129

innermost lining of the uterus

Answer 130

top, raised area of the uterus between the outlets for the fallopian tubes

Answer 131

large central area of the uterus AKA body

Answer 132

the lower narrowed area of the uterus AKA neck of the uterus

Answer 133

muscular, tube-like organ through which uterine lining is shed when the ovum is not fertilized with a spermatozoon if fertilization does take place, vagina becomes the birth canal for the newborn

Answer 134

small area between uterus and rectum AKA rectouterine pouch

Answer 135

external female genitalia consists of the orifice (vaginal opening), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and perineum

Answer 136

paired glands in the vulva that secrete a mucous lubricant for the vagina

Answer 137

15-20 divisions in each breast in which milk-secreting cells are located

Answer 138

small tubular structures that extend from milk-secreting cells and expand into lactiferous sinuses as they converge like spokes toward the nipple

Answer 139

event that occurs when one ovum unites with one sperm as a result of sexual intercourse or fertilization in a clinical setting marks the beginning of pregnancy

Answer 140

cell formed when the sperm and ovum unite

Answer 141

period of about 38 weeks in which the development of a new individual occurs from conception to birth

Answer 142

embedding of a zygote into the uterine lining about 7-10 days after ovulation

Answer 143

hormone secreted by the zygote during implantation prevents corpus luteum from deteriorating and allows the continued production of estrogen and progesterone to support the pregnancy and prevent menstruation

Answer 144

3rd to 8th week of life

Answer 145

thin but tough membrane lining the chorion, containing the embryo and later the fetus surrounded by amniotic fluid

Answer 146

outermost extraembryonic membrane composed of trophoblast lined with mesoderm and develops villi about 2 weeks after fertilization

Answer 147

highly vascular structure that provides communication b/w mother and embryo for the exchange of nutrients and wastes anchors embryo to uterine wall and begins producing progesterone after ~10 weeks of gestation

Answer 148

embryo after 8th week of pregnancy

Answer 149

connects embryo to placenta, which is anchored to uterine wall

Answer 150

childbirth

Answer 151

the expulsion of placenta from the uterus after parturition

Answer 152

an inflammatory condition affecting the female pelvic organs, particularly one caused by bacterial infection characterized by fever, pain in the lower abdomen, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, and pain in the uterus, uterine tube, or affected ovary during pelvic examination AKA salpingitis

Answer 153

tumors composed of different kinds of tissue, none of which normally occur together most common in the ovaries or testes

Answer 154

tumor consisting of a fibrous wall lined with epithelium and a cavity containing material derived from embryonal tissues

Answer 155

carry, bear

Answer 156

drooping, sagging

Answer 157

small lobe

Answer 158

formation, development

Answer 159

cancerous tumor of connective tissue

Answer 160

cancerous tumor of epithelial tissue

Answer 161

ultrasonography of the uterus

Answer 162

uses a proble introduced into the vagina and a high-frequency sound to obtain a transvaginal view of the uterus

Answer 163

removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary

Answer 164

blood test for hCG, AFP, and uE3 (unconjugated estradiol)

Answer 165

condition that can lead to a spontaneous abortion or miscarriage usually occurs b/w 3rd to 13th week of pregnancy and thus results in miscarriage by the 20th week a cerclage can be performed to prevent this

Answer 166

normal delivery

8. Female Reproductive System Flashcards

(203 cards)