3. Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
-blast
A
embryonic
2
Q
-clast
A
breaking down
3
Q
-cyte
A
cell
4
Q
-physis
A
growth
5
Q
-um
A
structure, thing
6
Q
abduction
A
movement away from the midline
7
Q
acetabulum
A
hip socket in distal pelvic girdle for head of the femur
8
Q
achondroplasia
a kon droh PLAY zha
A
congenital disorder of the growth of cartilage at the epiphyses of the long bones and skull, resulting in dwarfism
9
Q
acromion process
A
highest point extending from the scapula
10
Q
adduction
A
movement towards the midline
11
Q
amphiarthroses
A
joints with limited range of motion (ROM)
Ex: vertebrae, female pubic bones during childbirth
11
Q
ankyl/o
A
crookedness or stiffness
12
Q
ankylosing spondylitis
A
chronic inflammatory disease of idiopathic origin, which causes a fusion of the spine
13
Q
antrum
A
antr/o (also referred to as a sinus) a cavity or channel lined with a membrane
14
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
append/o appendic/o shoulder bones, collarbones, pelvis bones, arms, and legs
15
Q
arthrocentesis
A
surgical puncture of a joint to remove synovial fluid for analysis
16
Q
arthrodesis
A
surgical binding or stabilization of a joint
17
Q
arthrogram
A
x-ray of joint done after injection of contrast medium
18
Q
arthrography
A
x-ray recording of a joint
19
Q
arthroplasty
AR throh plas tee
A
general term meaning surgical repair of a joint
20
Q
arthroscopy
ar THRAHS kuh pee
A
visual examination of a joint, accomplished by use of an arthroscope
21
Q
arthrotomy
A
incision into a joint
22
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers the ends of many bones and serves a protective function
23
Q
axial skeleton
A
skull, rib cage, and spine
24
bone marrow
myel/o
25
bunion
fairly common, abnormal and painful enlargement and inflammation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of the great toe)
26
bursa
burs/o (pl., bursae)
small, fluid-filled sac that allows easy movement of one part of a joint over another
27
calcium
calc/i calc/o
28
carpal
carp/o
wrist bones
29
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression injury that manifests itself as fluctuating pain, numbness, and paresthesias of the hand
In this condition, the median nerve is squeezed or constricted by a wrist ligament as it passes between that ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist.
Numbness and burning pain have been reported in the fingers and hands, esp in the index and long fingers, sometimes extending all the way to the elbow.
30
cartilage
cartilag/o chondr/o
31
cervical
cervic/o neck bones (C1-C7)
32
chest
pector/o
33
chondroma
benign tumor of the cartilage, usually occurring in children and adolescents
34
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of the cartilage
occurs most frequently in adults
35
clavicle
clavicul/o
cleid/o
collar bone that connects the sternum to each scapula
36
closed reduction
no incision is necessary to align the bone
37
open reduction
proper alignment can occur only by making an incision
38
coccyx (KOCK sicks)
coccyg/o
coccygeal (kock sih JEE ul)
tailbone
39
Colles fracture
CALL-ees
break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis, often occurs when pt has attempted ot break his/her fall
40
comminuted fracture
the bone is crushed and/or shattered into many pieces
41
compact bone
hardest, densest layer just beneath the periosteum that contains blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the bone while removing wastes such as CO2
42
complicated fracture
bone is broken and pierces an internal organ
43
compression fracture
the fractured area of bones collapses on itself
44
computed tomography (CT) scan
imaging technology that records transverse planes of the body for diagnostic purposes
45
condyle
condyl/o a rounded, knuckle-lick projection at the end of a bone that anchors ligaments and articulates with adjacent bones (aka near a joint)
46
contracture
chronic fixation of a joint in flexion caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers after a long period of disuse
47
costals
ribs (12 pairs)
48
crest
a narrow, elongated elevation (such as the iliac crest)
48
cranial sinuses
frontal ethmoidal sphenoidal maxillary
50
debridement
removal of debris from a wound
51
depression
general term for an opening, groove, or hollow space in bone
51
DEXA scan
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
a procedure that measures the density of bone at the hip and spine
an x-ray detector measures how well the x-rays penetrate the bone
52
dia-
complete, through
53
diaphysis
middle shaft of a long bone
54
diarthroses
joints with movement in all planes with full range of motion (ROM)
also called synovial joints
Ex: hips, knees, elbows, shoulders, wrists, and ankles
55
dorsalgia
upper back pain
56
dorsiflexion
raising the foot and pulling the toes toward the shin
57
dystrophy
abnormal development
58
eat, swallow
phag/o
59
elbow
olecran/o
60
electromyography (EMG)
procedure that records the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
61
endo-, end-
within
63
epi-
above
64
epiphyses
ends of a long bone
64
epicondyle
epicondyl/o projection on the surface of the bone above the condyle
66
ethmoid
ethmoid/o bone that forms part of the nose, orbit, and floor of the cranium
67
eversion
turning outward
68
Ewing sarcoma
most common bone cancer in children
69
extension
the act of straightening, to increase the angle of a joint
70
fascia
fasci/o
plural: fasciae
tough fibrous covering of the muscles (and of some nerves and blood vessels)
70
external fixation
immobilizing bone(s) externally, like with a cast
CREF = closed reduction and external fixation
72
femur
femor/o
72
fibromyalgia
disorder characterized by musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness and spasms, and sleep disturbances
73
fibula
fibul/o
perone/o
the smaller of the two lower leg bones, runs parallel to the tibia
flared bony prominence at distal end is lateral malleolus (outside of ankle)
74
finger, toe (whole)
dactyl/o
75
fissure
a fairly deep cleft or groove, creating a slit-like opening (ex: inferior orbital fissure)
76
flat bones
sternum scapula
77
flexion (FLEK shen)
The act of bending, to decrease the angle of a joint
78
foramen (foh RAY men)
(plural: foramina) an opening or a hole for blood vessels and nerves
79
fossa
a hollow or shallow depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone
80
frontal
front/o
81
greenstick fracture
bone is partially bent and partially broken
a common fracture in children bc their bones are still soft
82
hairline fracture
minor fracture that appears as a thin line on x-ray and may not extend completely through the bone
83
head
a rounded, usually proximal portion of some long bones
84
heart muscle
myocardi/o
85
herniated intervertebral disk
protrusion of the central part of the disk that lies between the vertebrae, resulting in compression of the nerve root and pain
86
humerus
humer/o
87
ilium
ili/o
blade-shaped section of the hip on each side of the pelvic girdle
88
impacted fracture
bone is broken, and the ends are driven into each other
89
inter-
between
90
internal fixation
immobilizing bones by fastening pins, screws, plates, etc. to maintain correct alignment
ORIF = open reduction and internal fixation
91
inversion
turning inward
92
irregular bones
verebra ossicles (bones of the ear) such as stapes
93
ischium
ischi/o
lower posterior part of the pelvic girdle
94
jaw
gnath/o
95
kyphoplasty
KYE foh plas tee
minimally invasive procedure designed to address the pain of fractured vertebrae resulting from osteoporosis or cancer
A balloon is used to inflate the area of fracture before a cementlike substance is injected. The substance hardens rapidly, and pain relief is immediate in most patients.
96
kyphosis
extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic area of the spine
AKA humpback or hunchback
97
lacrimal
bones at the corner of each eye that make up part of the orbit
98
lamina
lamin/o
Any thin, flat layer or stratum of membrane or other composite structure; sometimes used alone to denote the lamina arcus vertebrae.
99
laminectomy
removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae to relieve compression of the spinal cord
100
leiomyoma
lye oh my OH mah
benign tumor of smooth muscle
the most common leiomyoma is in the uterus and termed "fibroid"
101
leiomyosarcoma
lye oh my oh sar KOH mah
malignant tumor of smooth muscle
most commonly appearing in the uterus
102
ligament
ligament/o
syndesm/o
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at the joint
103
long bones
humerus (upper arm bone) femur (thigh bone)
104
lordosis
exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar spine
AKA swayback
105
lumbar
lumb/o
lower back (L1-L5)
106
lumbago
lum BAE goh
lower back pain
107
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
procedure that uses magnetic properties to record detailed information about internal structure
109
malleolus
malleol/o
110
mandible
mandibul/o lower jaw bone that contains sockets, or alveoli, for holding lower teeth
110
malunion
when a bone does not mend and realign correctly
111
mastoid process
mastoid/o
112
matrix
material between osteocytes that stores calcium and phosphorus for the body to use as needed in the form of mineral salts
113
maxillary
maxill/o plural: maxilla upper jaw bone that contains sockets, or alveoli, for holding upper teeth
114
meta-
beyond
115
metacarpal
metacarp/o
hand bones
116
metatarsal
metatars/o
bones of the foot
117
muscle
muscul/o
my/o
myos/o
118
muscle
muscul/o my/o myos/o
120
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of disorderes characterized as an inherited progressive atorphy of skeletal muscle without neural involvement
121
myasthenia gravis (MG)
mye ah STHEE nee ah / GRAV us
a usually severe condition characterized by fatigue and a progressive muscle weakness, especially of the face and throat
thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cells
121
myelogram
MYE eh lo gram
x-ray of spinal canal done after injection of contrast medium
123
myorrhaphy
mye ORE rah fee
suture of a muscle
124
nonunion
when no healing takes place after a bone is broken
125
nose
nas/o
125
occipital
occipit/o
127
olecranon
olecran/o
proximal projection of the ulna that forms the tip of the elbow
128
osteoarthritis (OA)
joint disease characterized by degenerative articular cartilage and a wearing down of the bones' edges at a joint; considered a 'wear and tear' disorder
AKA degenerative joint disease (DJD)
128
operative ankylosis
procedure used in the treatment of spinal fractures or after diskectomy or laminectomy for the correction of a herniated vertebral disk; also used to describe surgical fixation of a joint
130
osteoblasts
smaller, immature osteocytes; form bony tissue that replaces cartilage
130
osteoclasis
OS tee oh klay sis
refracture of a bone, usually done if a bone has a malunion
131
osteoclasts
bone phagocytes; reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue inside each bone, thus enlarging the inner cavity This process prevents the bone from becoming too thick and heavy. The continual tearing down and rebuilding of bony tissue helps keep the body's bone structure strong and in good repair
133
osteoma
benign bone tumor, usually of compact bone
134
osteomalacia
softening of bone caused by a loss of minerals from the bony matrix as a result of vitamin D deficiency
134
osteomyelitis
infection of the bone and bone marrow
136
osteopenia
a severe form of bone deficiency
136
osteoplasty
OS tee oh plas tee
surgical repair of a bone
137
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass, which results in the bones being fragile and at risk for fractures
138
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone
AKA Ewing sarcoma (most common children's bone cancer)
139
osteotome
instrument used to cut into bone
140
palatine
palat/o cranial bones that forms the hard palate of the mouth and suppose the floor of the nose
141
parietal
pariet/o two bones - one on each side of the head - form the roof and upper sides of the cranium
142
patella
patell/o
kneecap; largest sesamoid bone in the body
143
pathologic fracture
any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease
144
peri-
surrounding
145
periosteum
tough, fibrous structure that surrounds the bone and comprises the outermost surface of the long bones except for the ends of the epiphyses
146
phalanx
phalang/o
plural: phalanges
finger or toe bones
147
phosphorus
phosph/o phosphat/o
148
plantar flexion
lowering the foot, pointing the toes away from the shin
149
point of insertion
bone at the movable end of the muscle, farthest from the trunk
151
point of origin
unmovable bone at the more stable end nearest the trunk
152
process
general term for any raised or projected area
152
polydactyly
pall ee DACK tih lee
condition of more than five fingers or toes on each hand or foot
154
pronation
turning the palm or foot downward (face down)
155
protraction
moving a part of the body forward
156
pubis or pubic bone
pub/o
distal anterior part of the pelvic girdle; fused at midline to form the pubic symphysis joint
157
radius
radi/o
lateral lower arm bone in line with the thumb
157
reduction
the process of alignment for a broken bone
159
retraction
moving a part of the body backward
160
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of striated/voluntary/skeletal muscle
161
rhabdomyosarcoma
highly malignant tumor of striated/voluntary/skeletal muscle
AKA rhabdosarcoma or rhabdomyoblastoma
162
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
inflammatory joint disease believed to be autoimmune in nature; occurs in a much younger population (ages 20-45) than OA
In this autoimmune reaction against the joint tissues (especially the synovial membrane), these inflamed synovial membranes thicken and damage the articular cartilage. This makes movement difficult and painful.
163
rheumatoid factor test
lab test that looks for rheumatoid factor (RF) present in the bloo dof those who have rheumatoid arthritis
164
rib
cost/o
165
Rickets
osteomalacia occurring during childhood
166
rotation
revolving a bone around its axis
167
sacrum
sacr/o
5 bones fused together (S1-S5) below the lumbar spine
168
Salter-Harris fracture
fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children
169
scapula
scapul/o
shoulder blade
170
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve, usually marked by pain and tenderness along the course of the nerve through the thigh and leg
may result in wasting of the muscles of the lower leg
171
scoliosis
lateral "S" cure of the spine, causing a loss of height in inches
172
serum calcium (Ca)
test to measure the amount of calcium in the blood
173
sesamoid bones
small rounded bones found near any joint to increase the efficiency of the joint around them patella (kneecap)
174
short bones
carpal (wrist bone) tarsal (ankle bone)
175
sinus
sin/o sinus/o (also referred to as an antrum) a cavity or channel lined with a membrane; a hollow cavity within a bone
176
skeletal/striated muscle
rhabdomy/o
177
skull
crani/o
178
smooth/visceral muscle
leiomy/o
179
sphenoid
sphenoid/o cranial bone that forms part of the floor and walls of the eye sockets, extending to form part of the base of the skull between parietal and temporal bones (extends from back of the eye to sides of skull)
180
spina bifida occulta
SPY nah / BIFF ih dah / oh KULL tah
congenital malformation of the bony spinal canal without involvement of the spinal cord
181
spinal column
rachi/o spin/o vertebr/o
182
spinal stenosis
abnormal condition of the narrowing of the spinal canal with attendant pain, sometimes caused by osteoarthritis or spondylolisthesis
183
spine
a thorn-like projection, such as the spinous process of a vertebra
184
spondylolisthesis
spon dih loh liss THEE sis
condition resulting from the partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it
186
spondylosis
a stiffening of the vertebral joints
187
spondylosyndesis
spon dih loh sin DEE sis
fixation of an unstable segment of the spine by skeletal traction, immobilization of the patient in a body cast, or stabilization with a bone graft or synthetic device
Also called spinal fusion and spondylodesis
188
sprain
traumatic injury to a joint involving the soft tissue: muscle, ligaments, and tendons
189
sternum
stern/o
190
subluxation
bone is partially out of joint
191
sulcus
a groove or depression in an anatomical structure (not as deep as a fissure)
192
supination
turning the palm or foot upward (face up)
193
synarthroses
immovable joints
Ex: fontanelles of the skull
194
syndactyly
sin DACK tih lee
condition of the joining of the fingers or toes, giving them a webbed appearance
195
talipes
TALL ih peez
congenital deformity resulting in an abnormal twisting of the foot
AKA clubfoot
196
tarsal
tars/o
ankle bones
talus is the first of the tarsal bones
197
temporal
tempor/o
198
temporomandibular joint
where the mandible and temporal bones meet
199
temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)
dysfunctional temporomandibular joint, accompanied by gnathalgia (jaw pain)
200
tendon
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
201
tenomyoplasty
ten oh MYE oh plas tee
surgical repair of a muscle and a tendon
202
thorax
thorac/o
upper back (T1-T12)
also called dorsal spine by some specialties
203
tibia
tibi/o
shin bone that forms a joint with femur at patella
flared bony prominence at distal end is medial malleolus (inside of ankle)
204
torticollis
tore tih KOLL lis
congenital or acquired condition that manifests itself as a contraction of the muscles of the neck
AKA wryneck
205
trochanter
one of two tuberosities (bony projections/processes) on the proximal ends of the femurs that serve as points of attachment for muscles
206
tubercle
a nodule or a small raised area (projection) for tendon or muscle attachment
207
tuberosity
an elevation or protuberance; a large, rounded process used to attach muscles or tendons (larger than a tubercle)
208
ulna
uln/o
medial lower arm bone
209
ultrasonography (US)
procedure in which high-frequency sound waves form an image of the body
210
vertebra
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
26 vertebrae separated by cartilage pads called disks
211
vomer
vomer/o thin, flat cranial bone that forms the nasal septum
212
x-ray
imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation for recording internal structures
213
zygoma
zygom/o zygomat/o cheekbone
