9. Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System Flashcards

Question

inguin/o

Answer 1

lymph node

Answer 2

lymph vessel

Answer 3

mediastinum

Answer 4

space between

Answer 5

spleen organ that filters, stores, and produces blood cells

Answer 6

RBC deficiency caused by blood loss

Answer 7

abnormally low number of erythrocytes and consequently, low hemoglobin in the blood appears to be the result of low RBC production AKA eryhrocytopenia or erythropenia

Answer 8

insufficient blood levels of cobalamin, also called vitamin B₁₂, which is essential for red blood cell maturation may be caused by inadequate dietary intake, as in some extreme vegetarian diets, or from absence of intrinsic factor (substance in the GI system essential to vitamin B₁₂ absorption)

Answer 9

long-term internal bleeding constitutes a type of anemia

Answer 10

anemia as a result of a lack of folate from dietary, drug-induced, congenital, or other causes

Answer 11

deficient volume of circulating blood

Answer 12

condition of having reduced numbers of RBCs because of chronic blood loss, inadequate iron intake, or unspecified causes

Answer 13

a type of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 14

progressive anemia that results from a lack of intrinsic factor essential for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂

Answer 15

suppression of bone marrow function leading to a reduction of RBC production although causes of this often fatal type of anemia may be hepatitis, radiation, or cytotoxic agents, most causes are idiopathic AKA hypoplastic anemia

Answer 16

anemia caused by the body's destruction of its own RBCs by serum antibodies

Answer 17

anemia that may be drug induced or caused by an infectious disease

Answer 18

deficiency of all blood cells caused by dysfunctional stem cells

Answer 19

inherited anemia characterized by crescent-shaped RBCs this abnormality in morphology causes RBCs to block small-diameter capillaries, thereby decreasing the oxygen supply to the cells

Answer 20

group of inherited disorders of people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian descent, in which the anemia is the result of a **decrease in the synthesis of hemoglobin**, resulting in the **decreased production and increased destruction of RBCs**

Answer 21

group of inherited bleeding disorders characterized by a deficiency of one of the factors necessary for the coagulation of the blood

Answer 22

chronic increase in the number of RBCs and the concentration of hemoglobin "Vera" signifies that this is not a sequela of another condition

Answer 23

bleeding disorder characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues

Answer 24

deficiency of platelets causing an inability of the blood to clot the most common cause of bleeding disorders

Answer 25

abnormal increase in WBCs ex: eosinophilia, neutrophilia abnormal increases in the number of each type of agranulocyte is lymphocytosis or monocytosis

Answer 26

abnormal decrease in WBCs ex: neutropenia, eosinopenia, monocytopenia, lymphocytopenia

Answer 27

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues

Answer 28

increased function of the spleen, resulting in hemolysis

Answer 29

inflammation of a lymph node

Answer 30

localized or generalized disease of the lymph nodes or vessels

Answer 31

inflammation of lymph vessels

Answer 32

accumulation of lymphatic fluid and resultant swelling caused by obstruction, removal, or hypoplasia of lymph vessels

Answer 33

deficiency of lymphocytes secondary to mononucleosis, malignancy, nutritional deficiency, or a hematologic disorder

Answer 34

increased number of mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood caused by the Epstein-Barr virus can result in splenomegaly (SPLEE noh meg ah lee)

Answer 35

syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and transmitted through body fluids via sexual contact or intravenous exposure. HIV attacks the helper T cells, which diminishes the immune response

Answer 36

immune system's overreaction to irritants that are perceived as antigens AKA hypersensitivity

Answer 37

extreme form of allergic response in which the patient suffers severely decreased blood pressure and constriction of the airways

Answer 38

condition in which a person's T cells attack his/her own cells, causing extensive tissue damage and organ dysfunction ex of autoimmune diseases: myasthenia gravis rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus multiple sclerosis

Answer 39

immune system hypersensitivity caused by activated T cells that respond to an exposure of the skin to a chemical irritant up to 2 days later. Examples are poison ivy and nickel. The resulting rash is called contact dermatitis

Answer 40

hypersensitivity of the immune system caused by IgE ex: insect bites, tree or grass pollens

Answer 41

only benign tumor of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems of epithelial origin often associated with myasthenia gravis

Answer 42

cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphocytes most common type of leukemia for individuals under the age of 19 AKA lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 43

rapidly progressive form of leukemia from proliferation of immature bone marrow stem cells

Answer 44

a slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature lymphocytes (predominantly B cells) proliferate in the bone marrow, blood, liver, and lymphoid organs occurs most frequently in middle age (or older) adults, rarely in children

Answer 45

a slowly progressing form of leukemia in which immature bone marrow cells proliferate like CLL, it occurs most frequently in middle age (or older) adults, rarely in children

Answer 46

cancer diagnosed by the detection of a type of cell specific only to this disorder: Reed-Sternberg cells AKA Hodgkin disease

Answer 47

rare malignancy of the plasma cells formed from B lymphocytes called "multiple" myeloma because the tumors are found in many bones if it occurs in only one bone, the tumor is referred to as a plasmacytoma AKA plasma cell dyscrasia or myelomatosis

Answer 48

collection of all other lymphatic cancers except for Hodgkin lymphomas more numerous of the two lymphomas 6th most common type of cancer in the US

Answer 49

rare malignancy of the thymus gland is particularly invasive and unlike its benign form, is not associated with autoimmune disorders AKA thymic carcinoma

Answer 50

tests to detect the presence of HIV types 1 and 2

Answer 51

series of tests involving a patch, scratch, or intradermal injection of an attenuated amount of an allergen to test for hypersensitivity

Answer 52

blood samples submitted to propagate microorganisms that may be present cultures may be indicated for bacteremia or septicemia, or to discover other pathogens (fungi, viruses, or parasites)

Answer 53

12 tests, including RBC (red blood cell count), WBC (white blood cell count), Hgb (hemoglobin), Hct/PCV (hematocrit/packed cell volume), and diff (WBC differential)

Answer 54

blood test to diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), acquired hemolytic anemia, or a transfusion reaction

Answer 55

WBC count differential measures the numbers of different types of WBCs

Answer 56

easurement of time for mature RBCs to settle out of a blood sample after an anticoagulant is added an increased ESR indicates inflammation

Answer 57

measure of the percentage of RBCs in the blood

Answer 58

iron-containing pigment of RBC consists of heme (pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule) and globin (protein chain) responsible for combining with gases, aiding in pH maintenance, and giving blood its red appearance

Answer 59

test to measure the average weight of hemoglobin per RBC to help diagnose the presence of anemia

Answer 60

test to measure the concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs useful for measuring a patient's response to treatment for anemia

Answer 61

test for infectious mononucleosis

Answer 62

test of blood plasma that assesses defects in the coagulation pathway of the intrinsic system used to detect hemophilias

Answer 63

time required to form blood clots used to determine the cause of unexplained bleeding, to assess levels of anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin or with vitamin K deficiency, and to assess the ability of the liver to synthesize blood-clotting proteins

Answer 64

uses radioactively tagged vitamin B₁₂ to diagnose pernicious anemia

Answer 65

`measurement of the number of leukocytes in the blood an increase may indicate the presence of an infection a decrease may be caused by radiation or chemotherapy

Answer 66

removal of bone marrow to be examined for disease

Answer 67

removal of the lymph nodes or lymphoid tissue to be examined for disease

Answer 68

radiographic visualization of the lymph gland after injection of a radiopaque substance AKA lymphography

Answer 69

radiographic visualization of a part of the lymphatic system after injection with a radiopaque substance

Answer 70

radiographic visualization of the spleen with the use of a contrast medium

Answer 71

temporary removal of blood from a donor, in which one or more components are removed, and the rest of the blood is reinfused into the donor examples: leukapheresis- removal of WBCs plasmapheresis-removal of plasma plateletpheresis-removal of thrombocytes

Answer 72

harvesting of patient's own healthy bone marrow before treatment for reintroduction later

Answer 73

process in which the donor's own blood is removed and stored in anticipation of a future need

Answer 74

process in which the donor is transfused with his/her own blood, after anticoagulation and filtration, from an active bleeding site in cases of major surgery or trauma

Answer 75

intravenous transfer of blood from a donor to a recipient, giving either whole blood or its components

Answer 76

transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a donor to a recipient to stimulate formation of new blood cells

Answer 77

removal of the adenoids AKA pharyngeal tonsils (FUH rin jee uhl)

Answer 78

removal of a lymph node

Answer 79

removal of the spleen

Answer 80

antinuclear antibody

Answer 81

bone marrow transplant

Answer 82

estimated blood loss

Answer 83

Epstein-Barr virus

Answer 84

eosinophils

Answer 85

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer 86

hematocrit, packed-cell volume

Answer 87

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 88

hemoglobin

Answer 89

immunoglobulin

Answer 90

lymphocytes

Answer 91

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Answer 92

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Answer 93

neutrophils

Answer 94

natural killer cells

Answer 95

packed cell volume, hematocrit

Answer 96

platelets, thrombocytes

Answer 97

polymorphonucleocytes

Answer 98

prothrombin time test that measures the amount of time taken for clot formation

Answer 99

partial thromboplastic time test of blood plasma to detect coagulation defects of the intrinsic system that is used to detect hemophilia

Answer 100

clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood accounts for 55% of the blood's total volume composed of 90% water, but also contains Ca, Na, glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, and hormones also picks up wastes and gases at certain times as well

Answer 101

a plasma clotting protein

Answer 102

a plasma clotting protein

Answer 103

plasma minus clotting proteins

Answer 104

platelets (plats) small, irregular cells that are formed when large cells within the bone marrow (megakaryocytes) fragment primary function is to aggultinate, or clump together, at an injury site to aid in clotting first they release factor X, which reacts with the blood protein prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin, which eventually forms a meshlike fibrin clot, achieving hemostasis

Answer 105

formation of a blood clot process of changing a liquid into a solid

Answer 106

RBCs pliable disks that are concave on both sides perform the critical task of carrying respiratory gases (O₂& CO₂) to and from cells

Answer 107

hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production

Answer 108

the breakdown of the erythrocyte membrane, causing the release of hemoglobin

Answer 109

iron pigment resulting from the products of hemolysis

Answer 110

type of WBC that have tiny grains present in their cytoplasm these share a common property of multilobed nuclei (polymorphonucleocyte) ex: basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

Answer 111

type of WBC without the presence of tiny grains ex: lymphocytes, monocytes

Answer 112

attracts a rosy-colored, acidic dye | (eosin/o = rosy)

Answer 113

leukocytes responsible for producing histamine and heparin (anticoagulant) active against parasitic infections attract an alkaline/basic dye and are colored blue

Answer 114

most numerous type of granulocyte (about half to 3/4 of all WBCs) body's main defense against bacterial infection 1st type of leukocyte to arrive on the scene of the injury where they act as strong phagocytes specializing in phagocytosis attract a neutral dye and stain lavender

Answer 115

type of agranulocyte T cells and B cells keys to the body's immune response, either by directly attacking antigens or by producing the neutralizers called antibodies

Answer 116

type of agranulocyte when it leaves the circulation and enters the body's tissues, becomes the special phagocytic cell known as a macrophage, which destroys pathogens and clears debris from damaged cells

Answer 117

mononuclear phagocytic cells found in tissues, arising from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow destroys pathogens and clears debris from damaged cells

Answer 118

antibodies that nullify or neutralize antigens

Answer 119

antigens in blood that cause the blood to clot

Answer 120

corresponding antibodies against agglutinogens

Answer 121

Rh antibodies destroy fetal blood cells and cause anemia can be prevented by administering a drug called RhoGAM during pregnancy and immediately after delivery - prevents Rh-negative mother from forming anti-Rh antibodies to the baby's Rh-positive blood and works by attaching to any fetal RBCs that cross into the maternal circulation, causing them to be removed from the mother's system before she can become sensitized AKA erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 122

extracellular fluid resembling blood plasma in composition but containing less protein fills the spaces between most body cells and constitutes a large portion of the liquid environment of the body AKA interstitial fluid

Answer 123

one of many small oval structures in which monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells are formed most are clustered in areas such as the neck, axilla, and groin, serve to filter the lymph and fight infection

Answer 124

a single gland located in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower border of the thyroid gland and inferiorly as far as the fourth rib cartilage primary central gland of the lymphatic system instrumental in the development of T lymphocytes

Answer 125

two paired almond-shaped masses situated between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, one on each side of the oropharynx. The tonsil is made up primarily of lymphoid tissue, is covered with mucous membrane, and contains numerous lymph follicles and various crypts

Answer 126

pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 127

main functions are: cleanse the cellular environment return proteins and tissue fluids to the blood provide a pathway for the absorption of fats in the blodostream defend the body against disease

Answer 128

the vessel trunk that drains the majority of lymph in the body

Answer 129

interstitial spaces → lymphatic vessels → lymph glands → right lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) → subclavian veins in the neck

Answer 130

lymphocyte that transforms into a plasma cell to secrete lymphokines does not attack pathogens directly but use a process of humoral immunity (AKA antibody-mediated immunity) by secreting antibodies (immunoglobulins) to "poison" their enemies when B cells recognize a specific antigen, some of them become antibody-producing plasma cells, which then react with the antigens to transform them into harmless substances or cause them to be more easily disposed of by phagocytes

Answer 131

lymphocyte formed in the thymus gland that **acts directly on antigens** (cell-mediated immunity) to destroy them or produce chemicals such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens secretes lymphokines

Answer 132

secreted by monocytes and macrophages

Answer 133

chemical messengers secreted by immune system tissues that direct immune cellular interactions

Answer 134

special type of cytokine that sends messages b/w leukocytes to direct their protective actions

Answer 135

fever, which protects by increasing the action of phagocytes and decreasing the viability of some pathogens

Answer 136

a naturally occurring species-specific glycoprotein formed when cells are exposed to a virus IFN induces the production of translation inhibitory protein (TIP) in noninfected cells, performs immunoregulatory functions, and inhibits the growth of nonviral intracellular parasites

Answer 137

functionally related system of at least 20 distinct serum proteins, their cellular receptors, and related regulatory proteins involved not only in immune cytolysis but also in other biologic functions, including phagocytosis, anaphylaxis, opsonization, and hemolysis

Answer 138

lymphocytes that act nonspecifically against cells that have been infected by certain viruses or cancer

Answer 139

phagocytosis, inflammation, and pyrexia

Answer 140

protection strategies that are mechanical - skin/mucus physical - coughing, sneezing, vomiting chemical - tears, saliva, perspiration

Answer 141

specific immunity can either by genetic (inherited) or acquired depends on the body's ability to identify a pathogen and prepare a specific antibody for that antigen alone depends on agranulocytes (monocytes & lymphocytes)

Answer 142

natural: development of memory cells to protect the individual from a 2nd exposure artificial: vaccinations/immunizations

Answer 143

natural: passage of antibodies via the placenta or breastmilk artificial: through the use of harvested donor immunoglobulins

Answer 144

disorders of the blood or bone marrow

Answer 145

increase in lymphocytes

Answer 146

deficiency in the number of WBCs

Answer 147

malignant thymoma not associated with autoimmune disorders

Answer 148

general term that refers to a variety of malignant WBC diseases that manifest with the increase of immature WBCs at the expense of normal blood cells leukemia cellsmay then leave the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and infilatrate the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other parts of the body

Answer 149

abnormal increase of cells

Answer 150

temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of WBCs before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor

Answer 151

temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of plasma before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor

Answer 152

temporary removal of blood from a donor for the removal of thrombocytes before reinfusing the rest of the blood into the donor

Answer 153

an exaggerated `or excessive immune response

Answer 154

sensitizing agent that produces allergic reaction

9. Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System Flashcards

(192 cards)