5. Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
-al, -ary
A
pertaining to
2
Q
-cele
A
herniation
3
Q
-chalasia
A
condition of relaxation
4
Q
-chezia
A
condition of stools
5
Q
-gen
A
producing, produced by
6
Q
-ose
A
full of, pertaining to
7
Q
-plakia
A
condition of patches
8
Q
-stalsis
A
contraction
9
Q
-tresia
A
condition of an opening
10
Q
abdomino, celio, laparo
A
abdomen
11
Q
achalasia
ack uh LAY zsa
A
impairment of esophageal peristalsis along with the lower esophageal sphincter’s (LES) inability to relax
AKA cardiospasm, esophageal aperistalsis, and megaesophagus
12
Q
acute peritonitis
A
inflammation of the peritoneum that most commonly occurs when an inflamed appendix ruptures
13
Q
adenocarcinoma
ad den oh kar sin OH mah
A
a malignant tumor of epithelial origin that either originates from glandular tissue or has a glandular appearance
adenocarcinomas occur thorughout the GI tract, ut esp in esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and colon
14
Q
alimento
A
nutrition
15
Q
amylo
A
starch
16
Q
anal fissure
A
cracklike lesion of the skin around the anus
17
Q
anastomosis
ah nas tih MOH sis
A
new connection created between two usually hollow structures that did not previously exist
18
Q
ano
A
anus
19
Q
anorectal abscess
A
severe inflammation of the anus or rectum containing pus
20
Q
aphthous stomatitis
AFF thus stoh mah TYE tis
A
recurring condition characterized by small ulcers which appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth
AKA canker sore
21
Q
appendicitis
A
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
if the appendix is not removed in time, it can become gangrenous and burst
22
Q
appendo, appendico
A
appendix
23
Q
bariatric surgery
A
a variety of surgical procedures done to control morbid obesity by reducing the size of the stomach and/or by rerouting the small intestine to reduce the absorption of nutrients
these procedures include gastric stapling (gastroplasty), gastric banding, and gastric bypass
24
Q
barium enema (BE)
A
introduction of a barium sulfate suspension through the rectum for imaging of the lower digestive tract to detect obstructions, tumors, and other abnormalities
25
barium swallow (BaS)
radiographic imaging done after the oral ingestion of a barium sulfate suspension
used to detect abnormalities of the esophagus and stomach
26
Barrett's esophagus
condition caused by chronic reflux from the stomach
27
bile
yellowish green substance that contains cholesterol, acids, and pigments such as bilirubin
serves to emulsify fat or lipid globules into small enough parts for the enzymes to digest
travels through the hepatic duct → cystic duct → gallbladder where it is stored and concentrated → common bile duct after a meal
27
biliary colic
severe right upper quadrant pain
29
bilirubin
chief pigment in bile
product of normal hemoglobin breakdown
carried through the bloodstream to the liver, which conjugates with other substances to be added to bile so that it can enter the colon
30
biopsy
removal and examination of living tissue from the body for diagnostic purposes
31
BM
bowel movement
32
bucco
cheek
32
-carcinoma
cancerous tumor of epithelial growth
34
ceco
cecum, the first part of the large intestine connected to the ileum
"blind pouch"
34
cheilitis
kye LYE tis
inflammation of the lips
35
cheilosis
kye LOH sis
abnormal condition of the lips present in riboflavin (B vitamin) deficiency
36
cholangio
bile vessels
37
cholangiography
koh lan jee AH gruh fee
radiographic procedure that captures images of the common bile duct through the injection of a contrast medium into the bile duct, after which a series of digital images is taken
38
cholangitis
koh lan JYE tis
inflammation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts
39
chole, bili
bile
40
cholecystitis
koh lee sis tye TIS
inflammation of the gallbladder
41
cholecysto
gallbladder (GB)
42
cholecystography
koh lee sis TAH gruh fee
contrast study in which iodine is ingested orally, then the gallbladder is imaged at different time intervals to assess its functioning
used to diagnose cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, tumors, and other abnormalities of the gallbladder
43
choledocho
common bile duct
44
choledocholithiasis
koh lee doh koh lih THY ih sis
presence of stones in the common bile duct
45
cholelithiasis
koh lee lih THY ih sis
presence of stones (calculi) in the gallbladder, sometimes characterized by right upper quadrant pain (biliary colic) with nausea and vomiting
46
chyme
viscous, semifluid gruel-like material produced by gastric digestion of food
47
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells, most commonly associated with alcohol use
48
cleft palate
failure of the palate to close during embryonic development, which allows an opening in the roof of the mouth
often accompanied by a cleft lip
49
colitis
inflammation of the large intestine
50
colo, colono
colon
51
colostomy
koh LOSS toh mee
surgical redirection of the bowel to a stoma, an artificial opening, on the abdominal wall
52
computed tomography (CT) scan
radiographic technique that produces detailed images of “slices” or cross sections of the body
used in the digestive system to diagnose tumors or abnormal accumulations of fluid
53
Crohn disease
idiopathic autoimmune inflammation of the ileum or the ileum or colon
AKA regional enteritis
54
cystadenoma
glandular tumors that are filled with cysts
most common benign tumors in the pancreas
55
cystadenoma
glandular tumor of the pancreas filled with cysts
56
deglutition
DEE glu tih shun
process of swallowing
57
denti, odonto
teeth
58
dia-
through, complete
59
diverticulitis
inflammation occurring secondary to the occurrene of diverticul*osis*
60
diverticulosis
development of diverticula, pouches in the lining of the colon
61
duodenum
doo oh DE num
widest, shortest, and most fixed portion of the small intestine, taking an almost circular course from the pylorus to the jejunum
first 10-12 inches of small intestine, where most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place
62
dyspepsia
feeling of epigastric discomfort that occurs shortly after eating
symptoms range from feeling of nausea, fullness, heartburn, and/or bloating
AKA indigestion
63
emesis
vomiting
64
endoscopy
general term for any internal visualization of the body using an instrument called an endoscope, which has its own fiberoptic light source
endoscope can enter the GI tract through the oral cavity (esophagogastroduodenoscopy - EGD),
through the anus (protoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy),
or through an incision in the abdominal wall (laparoscopy)
65
enema
method of introducing a solution into the rectum for therapeutic (relief of constipation) or hygienic (preparation for surgery) reasons
66
entero
small intestines
67
epiglottis
flap of tissue that moves to cover the trachea with each swallow
68
eructation
ee ruck TAY shun
release of air from the stomach through the mouth
may be caused by rapid eating or by swallowing air
AKA burping/belching
69
esophageal atresia
es soff uh JEE ul ah TREE zsa
congenital condition where the esophagus ends in a blind pouch and there is no opening into the stomach
70
esophago
esophagus
10-inch long tube between pharynx (throat) and stomach
71
feeding tubes
enteral nutrition: through a digestive structure
parenteral nutrition: introduced through a structure outside the digestive system, usually through IV (ex: total parenteral nutrition, or TPN)
72
femoral hernia
protrusion of a loop of intestine through the femoral canal into the groin
AKA crural hernia
73
hernia
protrusion or rupture of an organ through a body wall
74
fistula
an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body
75
flatus
FLAY tus
passing gas
76
fluoroscopy
floor AH skuh pee
special kind of radiographic procedure that allows visualization of structures in real time directly on a monitor screen
77
fundus
the body of the stomach
AKA cardia
78
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
blood test to detect increased enzymes that can indicate cirrhosis, hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis or nephrosis, and *Helicobacter pylori* antibodies
79
gastrectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
79
gastric bypass (Roux en-Y)
a type of bariatric surgery
80
gastric gavage
gah VAHZH
feeding through a tube in the stomach
81
gastritis
acute of chronic inflammation of the stomach that may be accompanied by anorexia, nausea and vomiting, or indigestion
83
gastro
stomach
84
gastrodynia, gastralgia
gass troh dih NEE AH
gass TRAL zsa
stomach pain
84
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
gass troh eh sah fah JEE ul
return of stomach contents to the esophagus, caused by an inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to contract normally
gradually breaks down the mucous barrier of the esophagus
characterized by pyrosis with or w/o regurgitation of stomach contents into mouth
86
gingivitis
inflammatory disease of the gums characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding
87
gingivo
gums
88
gluco
sweet, sugar
89
glycogenolysis
gly co gen AHL ah sis
process of breaking down glycogen into glucose
90
hematochezia
hee mat oh KEE zee ah
bright red, frank lower GI bleeding from the rectum that may originate in the distal colon
bright red blood in stools
90
hemangioma
tumor of the blood vessels
most common type of benign tumor
92
hemorrhoid
varicose vein in the lower rectum or anus
93
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical excision of hemorrhoids
94
hepatitis
inflammatory disease of the liver that is caused by an increasing number of viruses, alcohol, and drugs
currently named by letter, hepatitis A-G, the means of viral transmission is not the same for each form
95
hepatitis A (HAV) and E
virus transmitted through direct contact with fecally contaminated food or water
96
hepatitis B (HBV)
virus transmitted through contamined blood or sexual contact
96
hepatitis C
transmitted through blood, sexual contact, or from sharing infected needles
97
hepatitis D
manifests only in patients who have acquired hepatitis
98
hepato
liver
produces bile
stores excess glucose as the starch glycogen and converts it back to glucose when blood sugar levels drop
converts proteins and fats into glucose when needed (gluconeogenesis)
manufactures blood proteins for clotting, releases bilirubin, and detoxifies the blood
99
hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma
malignant tumors of epithelial origin that originate in the liver cells
most common type of liver cancer worldwide
100
herniorrhaphy
hur nee OR rah fee
hernia repair
suture of a hernia
101
herpetic stomatitis
hur pET ick stoh mah TYE tis
inflammation of the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)
AKA cold sore, fever blister
102
hiatal hernia
hye A tul
protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm
AKA diaphragmatic hernia, diaphragmatocele (dye uh grag MAT oh seel)
103
hiato
opening
104
singultus
involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, followed by a rapid closure of the glottis (which causes the sound of a hiccup)
AKA hiccup
105
Hirschsprung disease
HERSH sprung
congenital absence of normal nervous function in part of the colon, which results in an absence of peristaltic movement, accumulation of feces, and enlarged colon
AKA congenital megacolon
106
hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)
most inferior part of the pharynx, directly below the oropharynx
107
ileo
ileum
11-foot-long third portion ofthe small intestine that attaches to the colon
108
ileocecal valve
valve between ileum (small intestine) and cecum (large intestine)
109
ileus
obstruction
110
incarcerated hernia
loop of bowel with ends occluded so that solids cannot pass; herniated bowel can become strangulated
AKA irreducible hernia
111
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
chronic inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the intestine, characterized by bleeding and diarrhea
112
inguinal hernia
IN gwin nul
protrusion of a loop of intestine into the inguinal canal
113
intestino
intestines
114
intussusception
in tuh suh SEP shun
inward telescoping of the intestines
115
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
abnormal increase in the activity of the small and large intestines, leading to diarrhea and flatus
116
jejuno
jejunum
8-foot-long middle section of the small intestine
117
labio, cheilo
lips
118
laparoscopic surgery
lap uh roh SCAH pick
surgery done through several small incisions in the abdominal wall with the aid of an instrument called a laparoscope
119
laparoscopy (lap)
lap uh RAH skuh pee
visual examination of the abdominal cavity
120
laparotomy
lap uh RAH tuh mee
any surgical incision in the abdominal wall for the purpose of an operative approach or for exploratory purposes
121
leiomyoma
lye oh my OH mah
smooth muscle tumor that may occur in the digestive tract
122
leukoplakia
loo koh PLAY kee ah
condition of white patches that may appear on the lips and buccal mucosa
124
ligation
tying off a blood vessel or duct
125
linguo, glosso
tongue
125
lipo
lipid
126
cholecysto
gallbladder
127
lobo
lobe
128
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
pharynx --\> esophagus --\> ring-like muscle that controls the entry of food from the esophagus into the stomach
AKA gastroesophageal sphincter, cardiac sphincter
129
lysis of adhesions
surgical destruction of adhesions (scar tissue that binds two anatomic surfaces)
ex: in the peritoneal cavity
130
malocclusion
mal oh KLOO zhun
condition in which the teeth do not touch properly when the mouth is closed (abnormal bite)
131
mandibulo
lower jaw bone
132
manometry
mah NAH met tree
test that measures the motor function (muscle pressure) of the esophagus
133
maxillo
upper jaw bone
134
melena
mah LEE nah
black, tarry stools caused by the presence of partially digested blood
135
mesentery
fan-shaped fold of peritoneum that encloses the intestine while allowing some movement
136
metastatic carcinoma
most common form of liver cancer
liver is the most common site of all metastases
not a primary tumor, but one that has spread from another site
137
naso
nose
138
nasogastric intubation (NG tube)
placement of a tube fromthe nose, down the back of the throat, then into the stomach for the purpose of removing gastric contents
139
nasopharynx
most superior end of the pharynx, located behind the nasal cavity
140
NPO
nothing by mouth
141
obstipation
extreme constipation or intestinal obstruction
142
odontogenic tumor
oh don to JEH nik
benign tumors that arise around the teeth and jaw
143
omphalo, umbilico
umbilius
145
oro
oral cavity
146
oro, stomo, stomato
mouth
146
oropharynx
middle part of the pharynx, located directly adjacent to the oral cavity
148
oto
ear
149
palato
hard and soft palates
150
pancreato
pancreas
produces digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) that pass through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum
also secretes insulin to help release sugar from the blood and carry the energy-producing glucose into the cells
151
paracentesis
procedure for withdrawing fluid from a body cavity, most commonly to remove fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavity
152
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
erosion of the protective mucosal lining of the stomach (gastic ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)
152
paralytic ileus
lack of peristaltic movement in the intestinal tract
AKA adynamic ileus
154
periodontal disease
pathologic condition of the tissues surrounding the teeth
155
peristalsis
rhythmic contraction
peri- = surrounding + -stalsis = contraction
156
peritoneo
peritoneum
157
peritoneum
serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic walls (parietal peritoneum) and reflecting over the contained viscera (visceral peritoneum)
158
phago
eat, swallow
159
pharyngo
pharanyx (throat)
5-inch long, mucus-lined, muscular tube serves as passageway for food and air
160
pharyngo
throat
161
plico
fold
162
plicae
PLY see
circular folds
163
polyp
benign growth that may occur in the intestines
164
polyp, adenomatous or hyperplastic
add en NOH mah tuss
adenomatous (growth that arises from glandular tissue, have potential to be malignant) or hyperplastic (generally, small growth that has no tendency to become malignant) tumor occurring throughout the digestive tract
polyps may be sessile (flat) or pedunculated (having a stalk)
165
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum and anus
AKA rectitis
166
procto
rectum and anus
167
pruritus ani
proo RYE tis A nye
common chronic condition of itching of the skin surrounding the anus
168
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscles that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
ensures that food does not leave the stomach to enter the small intestine until it is chemically ready
169
pyloric stenosis
congenital narrowing of the muscle between the stomach and the duodenum
occurring in infants, it manifests itself with bouts of projectile vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration
171
pylorotomy
an incision of the pyloric sphincter to correct an obstruction, such as pyloric stenosis
172
pylorus
narrow distal opening of the stomach, surrounded by a thick band of circular muscle (the pyloric sphincter), through which the stomach contents are emptied into the duodenum
173
pyo
pus
174
pyrosis
painful burning sensation in esophagus, usually caused by reflux of stomach contents, hyperactivity, or peptic ulcer
AKA heartburn
174
pyorrhea
pye or REE yah
purulent discharge from the tissue surrounding the teeth
often seen with gingivitis
175
recto
rectum
176
retro-
behind
177
rugae
ROO-jee
ridges/wrinkles lining the stomach
178
salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity
180
sialadeno
salivary gland
181
sialo
saliva
182
sigmoido
sigmoid colon
183
squamous cell carcinoma
SKWAY muss
cancers that have a scalelike appearance
SCCs arise from the cells that cover the surfaces of the body
can occur throughout the digestive system
184
stool culture
fecal exam to test for microorganisms in the feces, such as worms, amoebae, bacteria, and protozoa
185
stool guaiac, hemoccult test
GWEYE ack
HEEM oh kult
fecal specimen exam to detect hidden blood, which may indicate GI bleeding
186
strangulation
constriction of a tubular structure, including intestines, leading to an impedance of circulation
187
total bilirubin
blood test to detect possible jaundice (yellowing of the skin), cirrhosis, or hepatitis
188
trachea
windpipe
189
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum manifesting itself with bouts of profuse watery diarrhea
190
ultrasonography
use of high-frequency sound waves to image deep structures of the body
used to detect gallstones and tumors in the digestive system
191
umbilical hernia
protrusion of the intestine and omentum thorugh a weakness in the abdominal wall
AKA omphalocele (UMF oh luh seel)
192
uvulo
uvula (little grape)
193
villi
VIL ai
tiny vascular projections in the small intestine
194
volvulus
VOL vyoo lus
twisting of the intestine
