adren/o
adrenal gland
toc/o
labor, delivery
aden/o
gland
gonad/o
gonad
lob/o
lobe, section
lact/o
milk
gen/o
origin
pancreat/o
pancreas
hypophys/o
pituitary gland
press/o
pressure
gluc/o, glyc/o
sugar
thalam/o
thalamus
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
phys/o
to grow
crin/o
to secrete
trop/o
to turn
vas/o
vessel
oxy-
rapid
pro-
in front of
-crine
to secrete
-in
a substance
hormones
chemical messengers, or secretions, of the endocrine system
travel through the bloodstream, so its effects appear more slowly and last longer
set in motion a number of body functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and water and electrolyte balances
exocrine glands
secrete through ducts that lead directly to target organs
ex: sweat glands
endocrine glands
secrete directly into the blood stream w/o the use of ducts
metabolism
sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in the human body
hypophysis
hye POFF uh sis
considered the master gland as it controls the functions of other endocrine glands
located behind the optic nerve in the cranial cavity
divided into anterior and posterior lobes
AKA pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
add eh noh hye POFF uh sis
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes a large number of hormones in response to stimulation by the hypothalamus: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, endorphins, and prolactin
somatotropin
growth hormone (GH)
affects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body
also promotes the synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair, and helps to maintain blood glucose levels
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steroids
gonadotropic hormones
secreted by adenohypophysis
- FSH stimulates the development of gametes in the respective sexes
- LH stimulates ovulation in the female and the secretion of sex hormones in both the male and female
- Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulates production of reproductive cells in the male
growth hormone (GH)
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates growth of long bones and skeletal muscle; converts proteins to glucose
AKA human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin hormone (STH)
prolactin (PRL)
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates milk production in the breast
AKA lactogenic hormone
thyrotropin
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates thyroid to release two other thyroid hormones
AKA thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
neurohypophysis
nur oh hye POFF uh sis
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland composed of nervous tissue
serves as the release point of oxytocin and ADH
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
secreted by neurohypophysis
stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and return it to circulation
also a vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure
AKA vasopressin
oxytocin (OT)
secreted by neurohypophysis
stimulates the muscles of the uterus during the delivery of an infant and the muscles surrounding the mammary ducts to contract, releasing milk
hypothalamus
ventral portion of the diencephalon, forming the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle
activates, integrates, and controls the endocrine processes, somatic functions, and peripheral autonomic nervous system
calcitonin
regulates the amount of calcium in the bloodstream
tetraiodothyronine (T4)
teh trah eye oh doh THIGH roh neen
increases cell metabolism
AKA thyroxine
triiodothyronine (T3)
try eye oh doh THIGH roh neen
increases cell metabolism
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
released by the parathyroid gland to increase calcium levels in the blood by causing it to be released from the bone and reabsorbed by the kidneys and digestive system
thyroid
a single organ located on the anterior surface of the neck that secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin
parathyroids
4 small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
suprarenals
two adrenal glands, each located on top of a kidney
adrenal cortex
external portion of suprarenals (adrenal glands)
released 3 hormones: mineralocoriticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
mineralocorticoids
any of the corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex that regulates blood volume, pressure, and electrolytes
ex: aldosterone
glucocorticoids
any of the corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex that regulates metabolism of lipids, carbs, and proteins
respond to stress and contribute to anti-inflammatory action
sex hormones
secreted by the adrenal cortex to provide secondary sex characteristics
adrenal medulla
inner portion of each adrenal gland
releases 3 hormones: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
epinephrine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla to dilate bronchi, increase heart rate, raise blood pressure, dilate pupils, and elevate blood sugar levels
AKA adrenaline
dopamine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla to dilate arteries and to increase blood pressure, cardiac rate, and production of urine
acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system
norepinephrine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels for energy use
AKA noradrenaline
pancreas
an elongated nodular gland located behind the stomach b/w the duodenum and the spleen
has both exocrine and endocrine functions
as an exocrine gland, releases digestive enzymes through a duct into the small intestines
as an endocrine gland, uses cells called islets of Langerhands to regulate blood glucose levels
islets of Langerhans
eye lets of LANG ger hans
endocrine gland in pancreas
alpha cells produce glucagon to increase blood glucose levels
beta cells secrete insulin, which moves fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose out of the blood and into the tissues
thymus gland
located in the mediastinum above the heart
releases a hormone called thymosin to stimulate cells involved in the immune response
thymosin
naturally occurring hormone that is secreted by the thymus gland and serves to maintain immune system function
pineal gland
located in the center of the brain
secretes melatonin
gonads
gamete-producing organs
also act as endocrine glands that influence reproductive functions
hypoglycemia
condition of deficient blood glucose
hyperglycemia
condition of excessive blood glucose
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a tumor
may occur in conjunction with increased, decreased, or normal levels of hormone function
exophthalmia
protrusion of the eyeballs from their orbits
may be a result of an endocrine disorder
hirsutism
HER soot iz um
abnormal hairiness
AKA hypertrichosis
anorexia
lack of appetite
hypotension
deficient or below normal blood pressure
hypocalcemia
condition of deficient calcium in the blood
hyponatremia
condition of deficient sodium in the blood
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as prickling
polydipsia
condition of excessive thirst
polyphagia
pah lee FAY jee ah
condition of excessive appetite
polyuria
condition of excessive urination
tetany
continuous muscle spasms
acromegaly
ack roh MEG uh lee
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood
leads to an enlargement of the extremities (hands/feet), jaw, nose, and forehead
diabetes insipidius (DI)
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by undersecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis resulting in polydipsia and polyuria
gigantism
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during childhood, leading to excessive growth
growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood
results in dwarfism
if during adulthood, patients may develop obesity and experience weakness and cardiac difficulties
panhypopituitarism
pan hye poh pih too ih tur iz um
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness, and loss of libido
AKA Simmonds disease
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by oversecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis leading to the inability to excrete concentrated urine
hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroid hormone production
most common form is Graves disease, which may be accompanied by anorexia and/or exophthalmia
thyrotoxicosis
severe form of hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid hormone production
myxedema
mick suh DEE mah
extreme adult form of hypothyroidism
cretinism
CREE tih nih zum
form of childhood hypothyroidism
results in stunted mental and physical growth
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of parathyroid hormone
symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension, and kidney stones
hypoparathyroidism
deficient parathyroid hormone production results in tetany, hypocalcemia, irritability, and muscle cramps
Addison disease
insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex
manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, and dehydration
Cushing syndrome
excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
symptoms include obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting
hyperinsulinism
oversecretion of insulin
seen in some newborns of diabetic mothers
causes severe hypoglycemia
type 1 diabetes
total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections
thought to be an autoimmune disorder
previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
type 2 diabetes
deficient insulin production
results from tissue unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin, causes of which include hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. Thus, the insulin that is produced is not effective
cause unknown by associated with obesity and family history
previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
diabetes mellitus (DM)
MEL uh tuhs
a chronic syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that is caused either by insufficient insulin secretion or by target tissue insulin resistance
pheochromocytoma
fee oh kroh moh sye TOH mah
usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
prolactinoma
most common type of pituitary tumor
causes the pituitary to oversecrete prolactin
thymoma
usually found in a benign form
most common disorder accompanying myasthenia gravis
islet cell carcinoma
pancreatic cancer
4th leading cause of cancer death in US
malignant thymoma
rare cancer of the thymus gland
thyrocarcinoma
most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary
both have high 5-year survival rates
carcin/o
epithelial cancer
-emia
blood condition
phe/o
dark
orex/o
appetite
acr/o
extremities, extremes
computed tomography (CT) scan
may be used to test for bone desnity in hypoparathyroidism and the size of the adrenal glands in Addison disease
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
may be used ot examine changes in the size of soft tissues (pituitary, pancreas, or hypothalamus)
radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan
may be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland's ability to concentrate and retain iodine
useful to test for hyperthyroidism
radiography
radiographs are taken to examine suspected endocrine changes that affect the density or thickness of bone
also may reveal underlying causes of an endocrine disorder
ultasonography (US)
aside from visualizing the pancreas, may also be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland to discern the differences b/w solid or fluid-filled cysts
A1c
measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span
used to monitor response to diabetes treatment
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
after a period of fasting, blood is drawn
amount of glucose present is used to measure the body's ability to break down and use glucose
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution
may be used to diagnose DM
hormone tests
measure the amount of ADH, cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
nuclear medicine tests use to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides
thyroid function tests (TFTs)
blood tests done to assess TSH, T3, T4, and calcitonin
may be used to evaluate abnormalities of thyroid function
total calcium
measures the amount of calcium in the blood
results may be used to assess parathyroid function, calcium metabolism, or cancerous conditions
urine glucose
used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus
a urine specimen is tested for the presence of glucose
urine ketones
test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen
may indicated DM or hyperthyroidism
urine vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
test that measures the amount of catecholamine present in urine to detect pheochromocytoma
adrenalectomy
bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion
hypophysectomy
hye poff uh SECK tuh mee
excision of the pituitary gland, usually done to remove a tumor
pancreatectomy
pan kree uh TECK tuh mee
excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove a tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas
parathyroidectomy
removal of the parathyroid glands
thyroidectomy
removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication
removal of the majority, but not all, of this gland will result in a regrowth of the gland with normal function
if cancer is detected, a total thyroidectomy is performed
pancreaticoduodenectomy
treatment for pancreatic cancer
AKA Whipple procedure
insulin replacement therapy
used to compensate for impaired pancreatic functioning
may be used for either type of DM
available in either oral, injectable, oral spray, or pump
thyroid hormone replacement
used to treat both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism