15. Endocrine System Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
adren/o
A
adrenal gland
2
Q
toc/o
A
labor, delivery
3
Q
aden/o
A
gland
4
Q
gonad/o
A
gonad
5
Q
lob/o
A
lobe, section
6
Q
lact/o
A
milk
7
Q
gen/o
A
origin
8
Q
pancreat/o
A
pancreas
9
Q
hypophys/o
A
pituitary gland
10
Q
press/o
A
pressure
11
Q
gluc/o, glyc/o
A
sugar
12
Q
thalam/o
A
thalamus
13
Q
thyr/o, thyroid/o
A
thyroid gland
14
Q
phys/o
A
to grow
15
Q
crin/o
A
to secrete
16
Q
trop/o
A
to turn
17
Q
vas/o
A
vessel
18
Q
oxy-
A
rapid
19
Q
pro-
A
in front of
20
Q
-crine
A
to secrete
21
Q
-in
A
a substance
22
Q
hormones
A
chemical messengers, or secretions, of the endocrine system
travel through the bloodstream, so its effects appear more slowly and last longer
set in motion a number of body functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and water and electrolyte balances
23
Q
exocrine glands
A
secrete through ducts that lead directly to target organs
ex: sweat glands
24
Q
endocrine glands
A
secrete directly into the blood stream w/o the use of ducts
25
metabolism
sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in the human body
26
hypophysis
hye POFF uh sis
considered the master gland as it controls the functions of other endocrine glands
located behind the optic nerve in the cranial cavity
divided into anterior and posterior lobes
AKA pituitary gland
27
adenohypophysis
add eh noh hye POFF uh sis
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes a large number of hormones in response to stimulation by the hypothalamus: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, endorphins, and prolactin
28
somatotropin
growth hormone (GH)
affects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body
also promotes the synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair, and helps to maintain blood glucose levels
29
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release steroids
30
gonadotropic hormones
secreted by adenohypophysis
* FSH stimulates the development of gametes in the respective sexes
* LH stimulates ovulation in the female and the secretion of sex hormones in both the male and female
* Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulates production of reproductive cells in the male
31
growth hormone (GH)
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates growth of long bones and skeletal muscle; converts proteins to glucose
AKA human growth hormone (hGH) or somatotropin hormone (STH)
32
prolactin (PRL)
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates milk production in the breast
AKA lactogenic hormone
33
thyrotropin
secreted by adenohypophysis
stimulates thyroid to release two other thyroid hormones
AKA thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
34
neurohypophysis
nur oh hye POFF uh sis
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland composed of nervous tissue
serves as the release point of oxytocin and ADH
35
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
secreted by neurohypophysis
stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and return it to circulation
also a vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure
AKA vasopressin
36
oxytocin (OT)
secreted by neurohypophysis
stimulates the muscles of the uterus during the delivery of an infant and the muscles surrounding the mammary ducts to contract, releasing milk
37
hypothalamus
ventral portion of the diencephalon, forming the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle
activates, integrates, and controls the endocrine processes, somatic functions, and peripheral autonomic nervous system
38
calcitonin
regulates the amount of calcium in the bloodstream
39
tetraiodothyronine (T4)
teh trah eye oh doh THIGH roh neen
increases cell metabolism
AKA thyroxine
40
triiodothyronine (T3)
try eye oh doh THIGH roh neen
increases cell metabolism
41
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
released by the parathyroid gland to increase calcium levels in the blood by causing it to be released from the bone and reabsorbed by the kidneys and digestive system
42
thyroid
a single organ located on the anterior surface of the neck that secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin
43
parathyroids
4 small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
44
suprarenals
two adrenal glands, each located on top of a kidney
45
adrenal cortex
external portion of suprarenals (adrenal glands)
released 3 hormones: mineralocoriticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
46
mineralocorticoids
any of the corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex that regulates blood volume, pressure, and electrolytes
ex: aldosterone
47
glucocorticoids
any of the corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex that regulates metabolism of lipids, carbs, and proteins
respond to stress and contribute to anti-inflammatory action
48
sex hormones
secreted by the adrenal cortex to provide secondary sex characteristics
49
adrenal medulla
inner portion of each adrenal gland
releases 3 hormones: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
50
epinephrine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla to dilate bronchi, increase heart rate, raise blood pressure, dilate pupils, and elevate blood sugar levels
AKA adrenaline
51
dopamine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla to dilate arteries and to increase blood pressure, cardiac rate, and production of urine
acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system
52
norepinephrine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels for energy use
AKA noradrenaline
53
pancreas
an elongated nodular gland located behind the stomach b/w the duodenum and the spleen
has both exocrine and endocrine functions
as an exocrine gland, releases digestive enzymes through a duct into the small intestines
as an endocrine gland, uses cells called islets of Langerhands to regulate blood glucose levels
54
islets of Langerhans
eye lets of LANG ger hans
endocrine gland in pancreas
alpha cells produce glucagon to increase blood glucose levels
beta cells secrete insulin, which moves fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose out of the blood and into the tissues
55
thymus gland
located in the mediastinum above the heart
releases a hormone called thymosin to stimulate cells involved in the immune response
56
thymosin
naturally occurring hormone that is secreted by the thymus gland and serves to maintain immune system function
57
pineal gland
located in the center of the brain
secretes melatonin
58
gonads
gamete-producing organs
also act as endocrine glands that influence reproductive functions
59
hypoglycemia
condition of deficient blood glucose
60
hyperglycemia
condition of excessive blood glucose
61
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a tumor
may occur in conjunction with increased, decreased, or normal levels of hormone function
62
exophthalmia
protrusion of the eyeballs from their orbits
may be a result of an endocrine disorder
63
hirsutism
HER soot iz um
abnormal hairiness
AKA hypertrichosis
64
anorexia
lack of appetite
65
hypotension
deficient or below normal blood pressure
66
hypocalcemia
condition of deficient calcium in the blood
67
hyponatremia
condition of deficient sodium in the blood
68
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as prickling
69
polydipsia
condition of excessive thirst
70
polyphagia
pah lee FAY jee ah
condition of excessive appetite
71
polyuria
condition of excessive urination
72
tetany
continuous muscle spasms
73
acromegaly
ack roh MEG uh lee
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during adulthood
leads to an enlargement of the extremities (hands/feet), jaw, nose, and forehead
74
diabetes insipidius (DI)
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by undersecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis resulting in polydipsia and polyuria
75
gigantism
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during childhood, leading to excessive growth
76
growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood
results in dwarfism
if during adulthood, patients may develop obesity and experience weakness and cardiac difficulties
77
panhypopituitarism
pan hye poh pih too ih tur iz um
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by deficiency or lack of all pituitary hormones causing hypotension, weight loss, weakness, and loss of libido
AKA Simmonds disease
78
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
a pituitary gland disorder characterized by oversecretion of ADH from the neurohypophysis leading to the inability to excrete concentrated urine
79
hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroid hormone production
most common form is Graves disease, which may be accompanied by anorexia and/or exophthalmia
80
thyrotoxicosis
severe form of hyperthyroidism
81
hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid hormone production
82
myxedema
mick suh DEE mah
extreme adult form of hypothyroidism
83
cretinism
CREE tih nih zum
form of childhood hypothyroidism
results in stunted mental and physical growth
84
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of parathyroid hormone
symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension, and kidney stones
85
hypoparathyroidism
deficient parathyroid hormone production results in tetany, hypocalcemia, irritability, and muscle cramps
86
Addison disease
insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex
manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, and dehydration
87
Cushing syndrome
excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
symptoms include obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting
88
hyperinsulinism
oversecretion of insulin
seen in some newborns of diabetic mothers
causes severe hypoglycemia
89
type 1 diabetes
total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections
thought to be an autoimmune disorder
previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
90
type 2 diabetes
deficient insulin production
results from tissue unresponsiveness or resistance to insulin, causes of which include hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. Thus, the insulin that is produced is not effective
cause unknown by associated with obesity and family history
previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
91
diabetes mellitus (DM)
MEL uh tuhs
a chronic syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that is caused either by insufficient insulin secretion or by target tissue insulin resistance
92
pheochromocytoma
fee oh kroh moh sye TOH mah
usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
93
prolactinoma
most common type of pituitary tumor
causes the pituitary to oversecrete prolactin
94
thymoma
usually found in a benign form
most common disorder accompanying myasthenia gravis
95
islet cell carcinoma
pancreatic cancer
4th leading cause of cancer death in US
96
malignant thymoma
rare cancer of the thymus gland
97
thyrocarcinoma
most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary
both have high 5-year survival rates
98
carcin/o
epithelial cancer
99
-emia
blood condition
100
phe/o
dark
101
orex/o
appetite
102
acr/o
extremities, extremes
103
computed tomography (CT) scan
may be used to test for bone desnity in hypoparathyroidism and the size of the adrenal glands in Addison disease
104
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
may be used ot examine changes in the size of soft tissues (pituitary, pancreas, or hypothalamus)
105
radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake scan
may be used to test thyroid function by measuring the gland's ability to concentrate and retain iodine
useful to test for hyperthyroidism
106
radiography
radiographs are taken to examine suspected endocrine changes that affect the density or thickness of bone
also may reveal underlying causes of an endocrine disorder
107
ultasonography (US)
aside from visualizing the pancreas, may also be used to guide biopsies of the thyroid gland to discern the differences b/w solid or fluid-filled cysts
108
A1c
measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span
used to monitor response to diabetes treatment
109
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
after a period of fasting, blood is drawn
amount of glucose present is used to measure the body's ability to break down and use glucose
110
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test to measure the body's response to a concentrated glucose solution
may be used to diagnose DM
111
hormone tests
measure the amount of ADH, cortisol, growth hormone, or parathyroid hormone in the blood
112
radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
nuclear medicine tests use to tag and detect hormones in the blood through the use of radionuclides
113
thyroid function tests (TFTs)
blood tests done to assess TSH, T3, T4, and calcitonin
may be used to evaluate abnormalities of thyroid function
114
total calcium
measures the amount of calcium in the blood
results may be used to assess parathyroid function, calcium metabolism, or cancerous conditions
115
urine glucose
used as a screen for or to monitor diabetes mellitus
a urine specimen is tested for the presence of glucose
116
urine ketones
test to detect presence of ketones in a urine specimen
may indicated DM or hyperthyroidism
117
urine vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
test that measures the amount of catecholamine present in urine to detect pheochromocytoma
118
adrenalectomy
bilateral removal of the adrenal glands to reduce excess hormone secretion
119
hypophysectomy
hye poff uh SECK tuh mee
excision of the pituitary gland, usually done to remove a tumor
120
pancreatectomy
pan kree uh TECK tuh mee
excision of all or part of the pancreas to remove a tumor or to treat an intractable inflammation of the pancreas
121
parathyroidectomy
removal of the parathyroid glands
122
thyroidectomy
removal of part or all of the thyroid gland to treat goiter, tumors, or hyperthyroidism that does not respond to medication
removal of the majority, but not all, of this gland will result in a regrowth of the gland with normal function
if cancer is detected, a total thyroidectomy is performed
123
pancreaticoduodenectomy
treatment for pancreatic cancer
AKA Whipple procedure
124
insulin replacement therapy
used to compensate for impaired pancreatic functioning
may be used for either type of DM
available in either oral, injectable, oral spray, or pump
125
thyroid hormone replacement
used to treat both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
126
