1.06 - PNS - Neurology of Communication Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Where do peripheral nerves originate?
(2)
A
Brainstem nuclei
Spinal Cord nuclei
2
Q
The axons and dendrites of the brainstem are called? Of the spinal cord nuclei?
A
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
3
Q
What does LMN stand for?
A
Lower Motor Neuron
4
Q
Cranial Nerves are ______, ______, or ______.
A
Sensory or Motor
Motor Only
Sensory Only
5
Q
Where are Cranial LMNs located?
A
Brainstem nuclei
6
Q
Where do Cranial Nerves exit?
A
Through holes in the cranium (brain)
7
Q
What do Cranial Nerves innervate?
A
Structures of the head and spine
8
Q
Spinal Nerves are ________.
A
Sensory AND Motor
9
Q
Where are Spinal LMNs located?
A
In the spinal cord
10
Q
Where do Spinal Nerves exit?
A
Through holes in the vertebrae
11
Q
What do Spinal Nerves innervate?
A
Structures of the limbs and torso
12
Q
How many Cranial Nerves are there?
A
12
13
Q
What is Cranial Nerve V? What is its focus?
A
Trigeminal
Chewing
14
Q
What is Cranial Nerve VII? What is its focus?
A
Facial
Facial Expression
15
Q
What is Cranial Nerve VIII? What is its focus?
A
Auditory-Vestibular
Hearing & Balance
16
Q
What is Cranial Nerve IX? What is its focus?
A
Glossopharyngeal
Tongue & Palate
17
Q
What is Cranial Nerve X? What is its focus?
A
Vagus
Pharynx & Larynx
18
Q
What is Cranial Nerve XI? What is its focus?
A
Spinal Accessory
Neck
19
Q
What is Cranial Nerve XII? What is its focus?
A
Hypoglossal
Tongue
20
Q
What are the five Spinal Nerves
A
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
21
Q
What Component of Speaking generates intent?
A
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
22
Q
What Component of Speaking generates verbal symbols?
A
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
23
Q
What Component of Speaking organizes verbal symbols?
A
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
24
Q
What Component of Speaking retains verbal symbols in memory?
A
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
25
What Component of Speaking is primarily based in the frontal lobe?
Cognitive-Linguistic Processes
26
What Component of Speaking translates verbal symbols into sensorimotor score?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
27
What Component of Speaking designates muscle activation patterns?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
28
What Component of Speaking stores expected feedback?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
29
What Component of Speaking is based in Broca's Area?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
30
What Component of Speaking is based in the Prefrontal Cortex?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
31
What Component of Speaking is based in the Premotor Area?
Sensorimotor Planning/Programming
32
What Component of Speaking activates motor neurons?
Neuromuscular Execution
33
What Component of Speaking creates muscle contractions?
Neuromuscular Execution
34
What Component of Speaking generates movement?
Neuromuscular Execution
35
What Component of Speaking generates and regulates subglottal pressure?
Neuromuscular Execution
36
What Component of Speaking moves the articulators to modulate position, shape, cross-sectional area, constrictions over time?
Neuromuscular Execution
37
What Component of Speaking creates acoustic output?
Neuromuscular Execution
(Speech)
38
What Component of Speaking is based in the Motor Cortex?
Neuromuscular Execution
39
The UMN are _______ whose pathway goes from _________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Nerve Tracts
Cortex to Cranial Nerves
Cortex to Spinal Nerves
40
The LMN are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They are either _____ or \_\_\_\_\_. Their final destination is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Nerves
Cranial (come from brainstem)
Spinal (come from spinal cord)
Muscle
41
The Corticospinal tract starts with \_\_\_\_\_\_.
The motor nuclei in the cortex
42
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it leaves the motor nuclei in the cortex?
Axon pathways for the Corona Radiata
43
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Corona Radiata?
The fibers consolidate into the Internal Capsule
44
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Internal Capsule?
The fibers descend to the level of Medulla
45
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after the Medulla?
Most will decussate at the Pyramids of the Medulla
46
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it decussates at the Pyramids of the Medulla?
Descends the contralateral spinal cord as either the Lateral or Anterior Horns
47
Where does the Corticospinal Tract go after it descends the contralateral spinal cord (Lateral/Anterior Horns)?
It synapses on the spinal nerve nuclei (grey matter)
48
What is the ultimate pathway of the Corticospinal Tract?
From Cortex to Spinal Nerve Nuclei
49
Where is the Corticobulbar Tract located?
In the brainstem
50
What is the ultimate pathway of the Corticobulbar Tract?
From the Cortex to the Cranial Nerve Nuclei
51
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract originate?
With the motor nuclei in the cortex
52
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the motor nuclei in the cortex?
To to axon pathways in the Corona Radiata
53
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the Corona Radiata?
The fibers consolidate into the Internal Capsule
54
Where does the Corticobulbar Tract go after it leaves the Internal Capsule?
The fibers descend to the level of the brainstem
55
What happens once the Corticobulbar Tract reaches the brainstem?
Some fibers decussate but others do not
56
What happens once some of the fibers of the Corticobulbar Tract have decussated?
They synapse on the Cranial Nerve Nuclei (grey matter)
57
Are the Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts direct or indirect pathways?
Direct
58
Where are the UMN nuclei located?
In the cortex
59
Where are the LMN nuclei located?
In the Brainstem (Cranial Nerves) In the Spinal Cord (Spinal Nerves)
60
Does the Nervous System tell muscles when to contract relative to other muscles (synergy)?
Yes
61
Does the Nervous System tell muscles how strongly to contract and for how long to stay contracted?
Yes
62
Does the Nervous System tell muscles when NOT to contract, or when to stop contracting?
Yes
63
Does the Nervous System tell muscles set the patterns of contractions that will meet the goals of the message (inflection, speaking rate, etc)?
Yes
64
Does the Nervous System require an interactive system?
Yes
65
Does the Nervous System scale movements?
Yes
66
Does the Nervous System update commands based on feedback (auditory, kinesthetic, air pressures, etc)?
Yes
67
Does the Nervous System coordinate movements in time and space to achieve the desired acoustic output?
Yes
68
What does a Direct Neural Pathway accomplish?
Muscle Activation
69
What is the Direct Neural Pathway?
UMN (Cortex) -\>
LMN (Nerve) -\>
Muscle
70
What does a Indirect Neural Pathway accomplish?
Regulating Muscle Tone
71
What is the Indirect Neural Pathway?
Subcortical Structures UMN (Cortex) -\> [work in unison]
LMN (Nerve) -\>
Muscle
72
What sort of muscle is innervated by Indirect Neural Pathways?
Smooth muscle
73
What does the Basal Ganglia Circuit accomplish?
Scaling Motor Programs (How big/small to make them)
74
What is the Basal Ganglia Circuit pathway?
Cortex (UMN) -\>
Basal Ganglia -\>
Cortex (UMN) -\>
Nerve (LMN) -\>
Muscle
75
What does the Cerebellar Circuit accomplish?
Monitoring & adjusting movements
76
What is the Cerebellar Circuit pathway?
Cortex (UMN) -\>
Cerebellum -\>
Cortex (UMN) -\>
Nerve (LMN) -\>
Muscle
77
Both the Basal Ganglia & Cerebellar Circuits _________ before "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_".
Communicate with multiple brain regions
Giving the indirect pathway their information
78
The Basal Ganglia & Cerebellar Circuits influence movement but never \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Descend to the LMN
79
Label the following:
A = Motor Area of the Cortex
B = Internal Capsule
C = Geniculate Fibers
D = Decussation of Pyramids
E = Anterior Cerebrospinal Fasciculus
F = Lateral Cerebrospinal Fasiculus
G = Anterior Nerve Roots
80
Label the following:
A = Glossalpharyngeal Nerve (IX)
B = Vagus Nerve (X)
C = Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
D = Accessory Nerve (XI)
E = First Cervical Spinal Nerve
F = Spinal Root of Accessory Nerve (XI)
81
Label the following:
A = Cervical Vertebrae
B = Thoracic Vertebrae
C = Lumbar Vertebrae
D = Sacral Vertebrae
82
What is this?
Trigeminal Nerve
83
What number is the Trigeminal Nerve? What is its focus?
V
Chewing
84
What number is the Facial Nerve? What is its focus?
VII
Facial Expression
85
What number is the Auditory-Vestibular Nerve? What is its focus?
VIII
Hearing & Balance
86
What number is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve? What is its focus?
IX
Tongue & Palate
87
What number is the Vagus Nerve? What is its focus?
X
Pharynx & Larynx
88
What number is the Spinal Accessory Nerve? What is its focus?
XI
Neck
89
What number is the Hypoglossal Nerve? What is its focus?
XII
Tongue
