2.02 - Respiration - Muscles & Pressure Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
What is the Plural Linkage?
A
Two layers of tissues that encompass lungs
2
Q
What does the Pleura connect to?
(2)
A
Ribs
Diphragm
3
Q
The diaphragm pulls ______ slightly when it contracts.
A
Forward
4
Q
What is the Phrenic Nerve formed by?
A
Nerves C3-C5
5
Q
The right Phrenic Nerve goes __________.
A
In front of the lungs
6
Q
The Left Phrenic Nerve goes ___________.
A
Behind the heart
7
Q
Why does the Phrenic nerve have two distinct pathways?
A
To assure that the diaphragm works even when there is a spinal injury that prevents the ribs from working
8
Q
What holds the two pleural layers together? What does this do?
A
Surfacant
It connects the layers yet allows the layers to move freely without friction
9
Q
What are the two forces the balance lung pressure?
A
The force on the pulmonary apparatus to collapse
The force of the chest wall to expand
10
Q
What is the Visceral Pleura?
A
The pleura that encases the lungs
11
Q
What is the Parietal Pleura?
A
The pleura that lines the inner aspect of the rib cage
12
Q
What is the Pulmonary Space? What sort of pressure does it use?
A
The narrow, fluid lined space linking the visceral & parietal pleurae
The linkage is held by negative pressure and reduced surface tension
13
Q
What is Pleural Coupling?
A
How the pleuras are held together via negative pressure and surface tension
14
Q
What does REL stand for?
A
Resting Expiratory Level
15
Q
What is REL?
(2)
A
Resting Expiratory Level
When the recoil forces of the lung tissues are equivalent to the recoil forces of the rib cage
16
Q
What is Alveolar Pressure?
A
The pressure INSIDE the lungs
17
Q
Alveolar Pressure is relative to ___________.
A
Atmospheric Pressure
18
Q
How do you abbreviate Alveolar Pressure?
A
Palv
19
Q
What is Pleural Pressure?
A
The Pressure between the two plurae
20
Q
Where is Pleural Pressure located?
A
In the pulmonary space
21
Q
How do you abreviate Pleural Pressure?
A
Ppl
22
Q
What is Abdominal Pressure?
A
The pressure within the abdomen
23
Q
How do you abbreviate Abdominal Pressure?
A
Pabd
24
Q
What happens when there is extra air between the pleura?
A
It prevents the lungs from expanding
25
Substances strive to achieve \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Equalibrium
26
What do we call the law that states that substances move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure?
Boyle's Law
27
At a given \_\_\_\_\_\_, Pressure & Volume are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Temperature
Inversely related
28
When the rib cage lowers, Palv \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Increases
(Alveolar Pressure)
29
When the diaphragm lowers, Valv \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Increases
(Alveolar Volume)
30
When the diaphragm lowers, Palv \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Decreases
(Alveolar Pressure)
31
When the abdominal cavity pushes forward, Valv \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Increases
(Alveolar Volume)
32
When the abdominal cavity pushes forward, Palv \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Decreases
(Alveolar Pressure)
33
There is a complicated interplay among the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ________ that abides by the laws of physics.
Respiratory Strutures
Forces
Pressures
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are constantly a factor in respiration.
Passive forces
35
What are three passive forces present in respiration?
Tissue Recoil Force
Surface tension
Gravity
36
Muscular forces are applied \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Willingly
37
The pattern of muscular forces depends on what four things?
Inhalation or exhalation
Amount of air in lungs
What muscles are activated
The particular breathing activity
38
What are the two goals of the Muscles of Inspiration?
Increasing volume
Decreasing pressure
39
How do the Muscles of Inspiration decrease Alveolar Pressure? What does this create?
By increasing lung volume
An influx of air
40
Muscles of Inspiration require \_\_\_\_\_.
Muscular Force
41
What are the two types of Inspiration?
Quiet
Forced
42
What are the three muscles used during Quiet Inspiration?
Diaphragm
Exernal Intercostals
Intercartilaginous Portion of the Internal Intercostals
43
What are the Costals?
The muscles between the ribs
44
How does the Diaphragm move?
| (2)
Contracts
Recoils
45
Why do the ribs move upwards when we inhale?
To increase volume
46
Forced Inspiration required a rapid elevation of the ______ via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Pectoral Girdle
Muscular Contraction
47
Forced Inspiration increases the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Vertical Thoracic Dimension
48
What are the five addition muscles used in Forced Inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis
Subclavius
Serratus Anterior
49
What are the three Scalene Muscles?
Anterior
Posterior
Middle
50
What are the two Pectoralis Muscles?
Major
Minor
51
What is another name for Quiet Inspiration?
Tidal Breathing
52
Are the Quiet Inspiration muscles used in Forced Inspiration?
Yes
53
Expiration requires increasing ______ though decreasing \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Alveolar Pressure
Lung Volume
54
Muscles of Expiration compress the _____ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Rib Cage
Abdominal Cavity
55
Expiration may occur through either ______ or through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This depends on _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Passive Recoil
Muscles of Expiration
Lung Volume
Breathing Goal
56
What are the five Chest (Thoracic?) Muscles involved in Forced Expiration?
Interosseous Portion of the Internal Intercostals
Transverse Thoracis
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Quadratus Lumborum
Latissimus Dorsi
57
What are the Four Abdominal Muscles involved in Forced Expiration?
Exernal & Internal Oblique
Transversus & Rectus Abdominus
58
What does "rectus" refer to?
Central
59
What are Lung Volumes?
| (2)
Nonoverlapping quantities
Smallest increments
60
What are Lung Capacities?
Measurements containing two or more lung volumes
61
What are the four Lung Volumes?
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volumes)
TV (Tidal Volume
ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)
RV (Residual Volume)
62
What does IRV stand for?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
63
What is IRV?
The extra air above TV (Tidal Volume) until maxium capacity
64
What does TV stand for?
Tidal Volume
65
What is TV?
Quiet breathing
66
What does ERV stand for?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
67
What is ERV?
TV (Tidal Volume) to Maxium Exhalation
68
What does RV stand for?
Residual Volume
69
What is RV?
The air that cannot be exspired from lungs
70
What are the four Lung Capacities?
TLC (Total Lung Capacity)
VC (Vital Capacity)
IC (Inspiratory Capacity)
FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)
71
What does TLC stand for?
Total Lung Capacity
72
What is TLC?
All the air in the lungs
| (All four volumes)
73
What does VC stand for?
Vital Capacity
74
What is VC?
The amount of air in the lungs that can be voluntarily exchanged
75
What volumes comprise VC?
All - EXCEPT - RV (Residual Volume)
76
What does IC stand for?
Inspiratory Capacity
77
What is IC?
The amount of air that can be inspired at REL (Resting Expiratory Level)
78
What does IC contain?
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)
TV (Tidal Volume)
79
What does FRC Stand for?
Functional Residual Capacity
80
What is FRC?
The amount of air in lungs at REL (Resting Expiratory Capacity)
81
What does FRC contain?
ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)
RV (Residual Volume)
82
A muscle that has been engaged experiences _____ whih is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Recoil force
Pressure on the muscle to relax
83
What do we look at when we graph lung pressure?
(2)
Alveolar Pressure (X-Axis)
Volume of air in lungs (Y-Axis)
84
What does Alveolar Pressure tell us?
How much a muscle wants to relax?
85
What do we measure Alveolar Pressure in?
cm H2O
(How much air it takes to displace 1cm of H2O
86
What do we measure lung volume in?
% of Vital Capacity (VC)
87
When atmospheric pressuer is the same as Alveolar Pressure, this is called ___ and the pressure is \_\_\_.
Equalibrium
0
88
The volume of lungs at equalibrium is \_\_\_\_%.
40%
89
REL is at what lung volume?
40%
90
At Atmospheric Equalibrium, the lungs are _____ and there is ___ Alveolar Pressure.
At rest
0
91
At high lung volume, there is a significant amount of pressure on the _______ to relax. This is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Inspiratory Muscles
Positive Relaxation Pressure
92
Positive Relaxation Pressure means \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The muscles want to exhale
93
When you have exhaled past REL, there is a significant amount of pressure for the ______ to relax. What is this called?
Expiratory Muscles
Negative Relaxation Pressure
94
What is Negative Relaxation Pressure?
The muscles want to inhale
95
What a Relaxation Pressure Curve?
A plot of the pressure on muscles to relax during both inhalation and expiration
96
Are Relaxation Pressures active or passive?
Passive
97
Relaxation Pressure = _____ + \_\_\_\_\_\_
Lung Recoil Forces
Chest Recoil Forces
(The sum of the two)
98
What is Mechanical Equilibrium?
When the chest muscles are at rest and there is no relaxation pressure on the muscles
99
Mechanical Equilibirum is at \_\_\_% VC (Vital Capacity)
55%
100
If there is pressure on the muscles/tissues to relax, then there must be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What are these called?
Some force to prevent that recoil/relaxation
Checking forces
101
For positive relaxation pressure, when the inspiratory muscles want to relax, we must \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Activate the very same muscles to counteract or "check" relaxation pressure
102
When mucles want to inhale following exhalation beyond the REL, the expiratory muscles must \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hold the chest and lungs in the compressed position to prevent inspiration
103
Checking forces must \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Counteract Relaxation Pressure
104
It takes about ________ of pressure to sustain speech
8 cm H2O
105
Are the abdominal muscles usually needed for normal/passive expiration?
No
106
During sustained phonation, Lung Volume \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Dramatically decreases
107
During sustained phonation, Alveolar Pressure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Stays constant
108
During sustained phonation, Rib Cage Wall Pressure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Becomes smaller
109
During sustained phonation, Abdominal Wall Volume \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Becomes smaller
110
Sustained Phonation requires _______ to maintain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Constant subglottal pressure
Constant loudness
111
What is another name for subglottal pressure?
Alveolar pressure
112
In Connected Speech the airway is _____ and _____ due to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Constricted
Chopped up
Consonants
113
In Connected Speech, subglottal pressure demands _____ and loudness \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Vary
Changes with message
114
If I am yelling, I am using ______ pressure
Positive
115
If I am sucking on a straw, I am using ______ pressure
Negative
116
Since the trachea is essentially a \_\_\_\_\_\_, the subglottal pressure of the vocal folds is approximately equal to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Closed tube
Alveolar pressure
117
Loud speech uses _____ alveolar pressure.
High targeted
118
Quiet speech uses _____ alveolar pressure.
Low targeted
119
When a LOUD Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.
Less
120
When a LOUD Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.
Less
121
When a LOUD Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.
More
122
When a Loud Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.
More
123
When a QUIET Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.
More
124
When a Quiet Speaker has a LARGE lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.
More
125
When a Quiet Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Muscle Pressure.
Less
126
When a Quiet Speaker has a SMALL (LOW) lung volume, there is _____ Checking Forces.
Less
127
If you have more inspiratory muscluature, you are using ______ checking forces.
More
128
More expiratory effort means _______ checking forces.
more
129
Relaxation pressure refers to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
(2)
Recoil force
Gravity
130
Who activates more inspiratory musculature at 80% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?
Quiet
131
Who exerts more checking force at 90% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?
Quiet
132
Who exerts more relaxation pressure at 40% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?
Neither
133
Who exerts more expiratory effort at 30% VC: a quiet or a loud speaker?
Loud
134
Who generates more alveolar pressure: a quiet or a loud speaker?
Loud
135
Who generates higher subglottal pressure: a quiet or a loud speaker?
Loud
136
Label the following:
A = Maximum Inspiration
B = Relaxation
C = Maximum Expiration
137
Label the following:
A = Pressure on exhalation muscles to relax
B = Pressure on the inhalation muscles to relax
138
Label the following:
A = Utterance
B = Relaxation
C = Inspiratory Effort
D = Expiratory Effort
139
Label the following:
A = Diaphragm
B = Rib Cage Wall (Inspiratory)
C = Rib Cage Wall (Expiratory)
D = Abdominal Wall
140
Label the following:
A = Conversation Speaking
B = Loud Speaking
141
Label the following:
A = Transdiaphragmatic pressure
B = Alveolar pressure
C = Pleural pressure
D = Abdominal pressure
142
Label the following:
A = Vigorous vomiting
B = Classical singing
C = Conversational speaking
D = Resting tidal breathing
143
Label the following:
A = Maximum inspiration
B = Vigorous yawning (inspiration)
C = Classical singing (inspiration)
144
Label the following:
A = Conversational speaking (inspiration)
B = Resting tidal breathing
C = Relaxation at the end of a quiet breath
145
Label the following:
A = Vigorous laughing (expiration)
B = Maximum expiration
C = Unusable range
146
Label the following:
A = IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Capacity)
B = TV (Tidal Volume)
C = ERV (Expiratory Reserve Capacity)
D = RV (Residual Capacity)
147
Label the following:
A = Maximum inspiration
B = Resting level
C = Maximum expiration
148
Label the following:
A = TLC ( Total Lung Capacity)
B = IC (Inspiraory Capacity)
C = FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)
D = VC (Vital Capacity)
149
Label the following:
A = Lung Volume
B = Alveolar Pressure
C = Rib Cage Wall Pressure
D = Abdominal Wall Volume
150
Label the following:
A = Fewer checking forces
B = More checking forces
C = More checking forces
D = Fewer checking forces
151
Label the following:
A = Relaxation pressure = 0
B = REL (Resting Expiration Level)
152
Label the following:
A = Positive Relaxation Pressure
B = Negative Relaxation Pressure
153
Label the following and tell if it deals with inspiration or expiration:
A = Cartilaginous part of the Internal Intercostals (Inspiration)
B = External Intercostals (Inspiration)
C = Osseous part of the intercostals (Expiration)
154
What is the main connection of the diaphragm?
Central tendon
155
What does the diaphragm do?
| (3)
Depresses central tendon
Enlarges thorax
Distends abdomen
156
What do the external intercostals connect to?
Inferior surface of the ribs
157
What do the external intercostals do?
(3)
Elevates ribs
Pull ribs up, out, & together
Move up & away from sternum
158
What do the intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals connect to?
Inferior margin of ribs in the cartilageous region
159
What do the intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals do?
(3)
Elevate ribs 1-11
Pull ribs up, out, & together
Moves up and inward towards sternum
160
What does the Sternocleidomastoid connect to?
(2)
Mastoid
Sternum/Clavicle
161
What does the Sternocleidomastoid do?
(2)
Elevates the sternum & rib cage
Pulls up
162
What does the Scalenes (anterior, posterior, middle) connect to?
(2)
Ribs
Vertebrae
163
What do the Scalenes (anterior, posterior, middle) do?
Elevates ribs
164
What do the Pectoralis major connect to?
(2)
Sternal head
Humerus a
165
What do the Pectoralis major do?
| (2)
Elevates sternum and thus the rib cage
Pulls up on chest
166
What do the Pectoralis minor conenct to?
(2)
Anterior surface of upper ribs
Scapula
167
What do the Pectoralis minor do?
Increases tranverse dimensions of rib cage
168
What does the Subclavius connect to?
| (2)
Clavicle
Rib 1
169
What does the Subclavius do?
| (2)
Elevates rib 1
Pulls up slightly
170
What does the Serratus anterior connect to?
(2)
Ribs 1-9
Vertebral border of scapula
171
What does the Serratus anterior do?
| (2)
Elevates ribs 1-9
Pulls up slightly
172
What does the Interosseous portion of internal intercostals conenct to?
Inferior Margin of Ribs 1-11
## Footnote
173
What does the Interosseous portion of internal intercostals do?
Depresses ribs
174
What does the Transversus thoracis connect to?
(2)
Sternum
Ribs 2-6
175
What does the Transversus thoracis do?
Depresses rib cage
176
What does the Serratus posterior inferior connect to?
(2)
Vertebrae
Lower ribs
177
What does the Serratus posterior inferior do?
Pulls rib cage down
178
What does the Quadratus lumborum connect to?
(2)
Iliac crest
Vertebrae & ribs
179
What does the Quadratus lumborum do?
Supports abdominal compression
180
What does the Latissimus dorsi connect to?
(2)
Vertebrae
Humurus
181
What does the Latissimus dorsi do?
| (3)
Stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration
Raises or lowers rib cage
It can help with Inspiration but usually is is used in EXPIRATION
182
What does the External oblique connect to?
(2)
Lower seven ribs
Iliac crest
183
What does the External oblique do?
Compresses abdomen
184
What does the Internal oblique connect to?
(2)
Iliac crest
Lower ribs
185
What does the Internal oblique do?
Compresses abdomen
186
What does the Transversus abdominus connect to?
(2)
Vertebrae
Lower ribs
187
What does the Transversus abdominus do?
Compresses abdomen
188
What does the Rectus abdominus connect to?
(2)
Pubis
Sternum and rib cartilige
189
What does the Rectus abdominus do?
Flexion of vertebral column
