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Speech Anatomy & Physiology > 3.02 - Phonation B > Flashcards

3.02 - Phonation B Flashcards

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1
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the glottis is ______.

A

Membranous

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2
Q

The posterior third of the glottis is _______.

A

Cartilaginous

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3
Q

The arytenoids are in the _____ portion of the glottis.

A

Posterior

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4
Q

The cartilaginous portion of the vocal folds are ______.

A

Stiffer

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5
Q

The membranous portion of the vocal folds creates the ______.

A

Mucosal wave

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6
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the vocal folds?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscle

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7
Q

What is the Internal Thryoarytenoid called? How far from the glottis is it?

A

Vocalis

Near

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8
Q

What is the External Thryoarytenoid called? How far from the glottis is it?

A

Muscularis

Far

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9
Q

The vocal folds are comprised of what three things?

A

Vocalis (Internal Thryoarytenoid)

Muscularis (External Thryoarytenoid)

Vocal Ligament

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10
Q

What are the false vocal cords called?

2

A

Ventricular folds

Ventricular ligaments

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11
Q

What is the entryway to the larynx called?

A

Aditus

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12
Q

What are the passive forces that influence the movement of the laryngeal apparatus?

(3)

A

Recoil forces

Surface tension

Gravity

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13
Q

What are the active forces that influence the movement of the laryngeal apparatus?

(2)

A

Intrinsic Muscles (those within the larynx)

Extrinsic Muscles (those with only one laryngeal attachment - usually to hyoid)

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14
Q

What is recoil?

A

Elasticity causing muscles to want to return to resting state

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15
Q

Can the vocal folds close themselves?

A

No. They rely on other muscles

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16
Q

Does the Thyroarytenoid aid in abduction/adduction?

A

No

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17
Q

What causes surface tension in the larynx?

2

A

Moisture

Mucosal membranes

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18
Q

What are the Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles?

6

A

Cricothyroid

Thyroarytenoid

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Oblique Arytenoid

Transverse Arytenoid

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19
Q

What does PCA stand for?

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

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20
Q

What does LCA stand for?

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

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21
Q

The PCA and the LCA attach to the ________________.

A

Muscular process of the arytenoid

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22
Q

Contracting the PCA ______. The muscles courses ______.

A

ABDUCTS

Up

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23
Q

Contracting the LCA ______. The muscles courses ______.

A

Adducts

Down

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24
Q

Does contracting the TA abduct or adduct the vocal folds? (What does TA stand for?

A

Neither

Thyroarytenoids

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25
The Oblique Arytenoids ______. Contracting them _____. This causes the ______ to be ________.
Crisscross Adducts Arytenoids Pulled together
26
The Transverse Arytenoids go _____. This causes the vocal folds to _______.
Across Adduct
27
What is unique about the Transverse Arytenoids?
They aren't paired. There is only one.
28
The Aryepiglottic Fibers are a continuation of the _______.
Oblique Arytenoids
29
The cricothyroid is a ______ in adduction.
Non-player
30
What is the Macula Flava?
The ligament at the thyroid that connects to the vocal ligament.
31
The Thyroarytenoid gets ______ when it's contracted. This _____ the thyroid cartilage and _____ pitch.
Shorter Pulls back Lowers
32
Tensing the larynx muscles lets us put more forces in _____ allowing us to be ______.
Subglottal pressure Louder
33
What is the Cuneiform Tubercule?
Where the Cuneiform Cartilages are embedded in the Aryepiglottic Fold
34
What does contracting the Thyroarytenoids accomplish when the vocal folds are shortened?
Creates more cross-sectional mass
35
What does contracting the Thyroarytenoids accomplish when the vocal folds are lengthened?
Increases tension
36
The Lateral Cricoarytenoid goes from the ______ to the _______.
Cricoid Arch Muscular Process of the Arytenoids
37
The Posterior Cricoarytenoid goes from the ______ to the _______. What does it do?
Cricoid Lamina Muscular Process of the Arytenoids ADBUCTS - Opens glottis
38
What are the two parts of the Cricothyroid?
Pars Rectus Pars Oblique
39
When the cricothyroid muscles pull forward, the PCA muscle can act as a ___________.
Antagonist stabilizing the arytenoids
40
What are the three Arytenoid muscles?
Transverse Oblique Aryepiglottic
41
What does the Cricothyroid do?
Lengthens
42
In what three ways are the vocal folds changed by the muscles?
Abducted Adducted Lengthened
43
What abducts the vocal folds?
PCA
44
What adducts the vocal folds?
LCA Arytenoids
45
What lengthens the vocal folds?
CA (Cricoarytenoid) CT (Cricothyroid)
46
What is cross sectional mass?
The width
47
Are there any bone to bone attachments in the larynx?
No
48
What do the Extrinsic Muscles do in the Larynx? | 3
Suspend the hyo-laryngeal complex in the neck Can elevate or depress larynx Can move larynx anteriorly
49
What are the three extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid Inferior constrictor
50
What does the Thyrohyoid do? | 2
Pulls the hyoid down Pulls larynx up
51
What does the Sternothyroid do?
Lowers larynx
52
What does the Inferior Constrictor connect?
????
53
What does the Inferior Constrictor do? | 3
Constricts inwards Squeezes Can pull back of muscle forward
54
What is buried in the Inferior Constrictor? Where does it course to?
Thyroid Pharyngeal wall
55
What are the Supplemental Neck muscles? | 4
Digastric (Anterior & Posterior) Sternohyoid Mylohyoid Omohyoid (Anterior & Posterior)
56
What are the Supplemental Tongue muscles?
Stylohyoid Hyoglossus Genioglossus Geniohyoid
57
What do the Digastrics connect?
The lower jaw to the hyoid
58
What does the Mylohyoid connect?
Mandible to Hyoid
59
What happens the the Mylohyoid as you age?
It can sag
60
Where is the Genioglossus?
At the front of the chin
61
What does the Stylohyoid connect?
Base of the hyoid to the Stylo process (intrusion behind the tongue)
62
What does the Hyoglossis connect?
Tongue to Hyoid
63
The vagus nerve is cranial nerve _____.
X (10)
64
What are the three branches of the Vagus Nerve?
Pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal branch Recurrent laryngeal branch
65
What does the Pharyngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?
Pharynx Soft Palate
66
What are the two parts to the Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve?
Internal External
67
What does the INTERNAL Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?
Sensory input from the region ABOVE the vocal folds
68
What does the EXTERNAL Superior Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?
Motor output to the Cricothyroid
69
What does the Recurrent Laryngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve innervate?
Sensory input to the vocal folds Sensory input to the area BELOW the vocal folds Motor output to all the muscles except the Cricothyroid
70
Which part of the Vagus Nerve is asymmetrical? Why?
Recurrent Laryngeal Branch It has to wrap around different aspects of the heart
71
What part of the Vagus Nerve lets me know about a sore throat?
Superior Laryngeal Branch
72
What part of the Vagus Nerve lets me know I'm choking?
Recurrent Laryngeal Branch
73
What are the two efferent (motor) innervations of the larynx?
External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
74
What are the two afferent (sensory) innervations of the larynx?
Internal Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
75
What other five nerves provide extrinsic and supplemental muscular innervation?
CN V CN VII CN IX CN XII Cervical Spinal Nerves
76
What is CN V? What does it innervate?
Trigemingal Nerve Chewing (Phonation)
77
What is CN VII? What does it innervate?
Facial Nerve Face
78
What is CN IX? What does it innervate?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Pharynx (Sensory for back third of tongue)
79
What is CN XII? What does it innervate? What does it pass through?
Hypoglossal Nerve Tongue Jugular Vein & Carotid Artery
80
What is the Neurochronaxic Theory?
That vocal fold vibration is caused by neural impulses & muscle movement
81
Who came up with the Neurochronaxic Theory? When?
Husson 1950
82
What are the problems with the Neurochronaxic Theory?
Airflow is not necessary Vagus nerve is not symmetrical so impulses would not arrive together
83
What is the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory?
Vocal fold vibration is due to a complex interaction between muscles, recoil and air flow
84
How does the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory work? | 3
Subglottal pressure causes the vocal folds to be blown apart Elastic recoil causes them to come back together Bernoulli Force - air creates negative pressure pulling the vocal folds together
85
Who came up with the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory? When?
Muller & van den Berg 1843 & 1958
86
What is the Mucoviscoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory?
Incorporates the muscosal wave with vertical phase difference
87
What is the Vertical Phase Difference?
Vocal folds are blown open starting with the bottom Vocal folds close starting at the bottom
88
What is the Horizontal Phase Difference?
When phonating, the vocal folds open from the center first and close the center last
89
What can cause differences in glottal size and shape?
Gender Neck length Etc.

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