Chapter 7 Ventilation, Perfusion, and Shock: Understanding Pathophysiology

Question 1

Key Terms

the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products

Answer 1

Aerobic Metabolism

Question 2

Key Terms

the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products

Answer 2

Anaerobic Metabolism

Question 3

Key Terms

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)

Answer 3

Cardiac Output

Question 4

Key Terms

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 4

Chemoreceptors

Question 5

Key Terms

air that occupies the space between the mouth and aveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

Answer 5

Dead Air Space

Question 6

Key Terms

an abnormally low amount of water in the body

Answer 6

Dehydration

Question 7

Key Terms

cool, pale, and moist/sweaty skin; sweating

Answer 7

Diaphoresis

Question 8

Key Terms

swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space

Answer 8

Edema

Question 9

Key Terms

a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles

Answer 9

Electrolyte

Question 10

Key Terms

fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe

Answer 10

FiO2

Question 11

Key Terms

the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel

Answer 11

Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 12

Key Terms

an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance

Answer 12

Hypersensitivity

Question 13

Key Terms

inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also called “shock”

Answer 13

Hypoperfusion

Question 14

Key Terms

the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

Key Terms

the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute

Answer 15

Minute Volume

Question 16

Key Terms

open and clear; free from obstruction

Answer 16

Patent

Question 17

Key Terms

the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

Answer 17

Pathophysiology

Question 18

Key Terms

the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

Answer 18

Perfusion

Question 19

Key Terms

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

Answer 19

Plasma Oncotic Pressure

Question 20

Key Terms

hypoperfusion

Answer 20

Shock

Question 21

Key Terms

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

Answer 21

Stretch Receptors

Question 22

Key Terms

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

Answer 22

Stroke Volume

Question 23

Key Terms

the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system

Answer 23

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

Question 24

Key Terms

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Answer 24

Tidal Volume

Question 25

Key Terms

ventilation/perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 25

V/Q Match

Question 26

Short Answer

Define metabolism. Explain the necessary components of efficient metabolism.

Answer 26

Metabolism is the conversion of glucose and other nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. Necessary components include oxygen and glucose.

Question 27

Short Answer

Describe three types of respiratory dysfunction and how those dysfunctions affect the body.

Answer 27

Three types of respiratory dysfunction are disruption of respiratory control, disruption of pressure, and disruption of lung tissue. Disruption of respiratory control occurs when the brain fails to appropriately control breathing. Without regulatory messages being sent, breathing can cease or become ineffective. Disruption of pressure occurs when the integrity of the chest cavity is broken and air passes in and out through the chest cavity is broken and air passes in and out through the chest wall. This interferes with the pressure changes necessary to move air in and out through the glottic opening. Disruption of lung tissue occurs when lung tissue is displaced or destroyed by disease or mechanical force. Injured or diseased tissue cannot exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 28

Short Answer

Describe why it is important that blood vessels have the capability to dilate and constrict. How do these impact the cardiovascular system as a whole?

Answer 28

Dilation and constriction of blood vessels help maintain the necessary pressure in the cardiovascular system to pump blood. These changes give the body the capability to adapt to changes in the volume of circulating blood.

Question 29

Short Answer

Define cardiac output. What are the key components of cardiac output?

Answer 29

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Components include stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 30

Short Answer

Describe how the body might compensate for a challenge to the cardiopulmonary system. How might these compensations be seen in a patient?

Answer 30

The body compensates for cardiopulmonary challenges in predictable ways. Commonly, the autonomic nervous system engages the fight-or-flight mechanism of its sympathetic arm. This causes blood vessels to constrict and the heart to beat faster and stronger. The sympathetic nervous response also causes pupils to dilate and the skin to sweat. Chemoreceptors in the brain and blood vessels sense increasing carbon dioxide and hypoxia and stimulate the respiratory system to breathe faster and deeper. Signs and symptoms include increased pulse and respirations, delayed capillary refill, and pale skin. Pupils may be dilated, and the patient may be sweaty even in cool environments.