Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Microanatomy: Intro to Microanatomy > Flashcards

Microanatomy: Intro to Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Common functions of Cells (7)

A
  • Maintain a complete copy of organism’s genetic code
  • Synthesize and sort components for use intracellularly and for extracellular release
  • Degrade and renew their constituents
  • Elaborate and maintain shape and directed movement, which may include cell motility
  • Recognize each other
  • Establish and maintain connections with other cells or with their environment
  • Renew separate cell populations, as well as the entire multi-cellular organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tissue (2)

A

Aggregation of related cells, together with their specific exracellular matrix (ECM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epithelium

A

Cells are close together to form a barrier lining free surfaces in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular matrix consists of (4)

A
  • proteins and other large molecules secreted by cells, bathed in an extracellular fluid
  • varies in different tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Tissue (4)

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective
  • Contractile
  • Nervous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Connective Tissue (4)

A
  • May be loose or dense
  • Includes cartilage and bone
  • Have an abundant extracellular matrix with scattered cells
  • Important for support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Cells are densely packed, but have specializations for electrical communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contractile Tissue (4)

A
  • Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

- Cells have proteins (actin and myosin) arranged for movement and generation of force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell plasma membrane

A

Separates cytosol from extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Membrane-bound organelles separate

A

Cytosol from the intracisternal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Major cellular compartment organized by cytoskeletal elements
  • Contains soluble proteins and proteins bound to the cytoplasmic surfaces of membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Membranes create a barrier that limits the movement of

A
  • water and hydrophilic molecules between the cell and its environment and between intracellular compartments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Membranes (3)

A
  • Help establish compartments and domains
  • Create a barrier that limits movement of water and hydrophilic molecules between the cell and its environment and between intracellular compartments
  • provide an anchor for proteins and other molecules involved in cell-signaling, cell contacts, and enzymatic activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phsopholipids

A

amphipathic molecules

non-covalently linked to one another to form a fluid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intramembrane proteins may interact with (2)

A

Cytoskeletal elements in the cytoplasm to maintain cellular domains
- Cellular domains= functional regions within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

___ modulates membrane flexibility

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Small macromolecules and ions move across the membrane via

A
  • proteins and various carbohydrate-containing molecules act as channels, carriers, or transporters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phospholipid bi-layer permeability (2)

A
  • permeable to water and small uncharged molecules

- impermeable to other molecules

19
Q

Large macromolecules or complexes of material cross membrane via

A
  • are enclosed and moved within membrane vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)
20
Q

Classes of Membrane Proteins (2)

A
  • Integral

- Peripheral

20
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Lossely assoicated with bilyaer and can be isolated from membrane by relatively mild biochemical treatment

21
Q

Integral membrane proteins (2)

A
  • require detergent solubilization techniques to separate the proteins from the membrane
  • contain one or more sequences of hydrophobic amino acids that insert through the lipid bilayer
23
Q

Many membrane proteins are anchored to the cytoskeleton and/or ECM to establish

A

functional domains in the membrane

24
Q

Glycoconjugates (4) (definition, purpose, and location)

A
  • Sugars associated with protein in the membrane
  • Involved in cell-cell interactions, including cell-cell recognition
  • Involved in cell-matrix interactions
  • Located on the non-cytosolic side of membrane
25
Q

Glycoconjugates on external plasma membrane help to (2)

A

maintain a net negative charge
- since water is a polar molecule with a positive charge, the net negative charge on the cell surface serves to maintain water at the cell’s surface and facilitates fluid uptake

26
Q

Steps for preparing tissue for staining (4)

A
  • Fixation
  • Sectioning
  • Staining
  • Microscopy
27
Q

Fixation (3)

A
  • Fixatives preserve tissue structure by cross-linking proteins to prevent normal postmortem tissue degradation
  • Formaldehyde is the most common fixative
  • Glutaraldehyde = stronger fixative necessary to preserve ultrastructure for electron microscopy
28
Q

Sectioning (2)

A
  • Fixed cells maintain their shape when sectioned into thin sheets
  • Sections must be thin to allow light to pass through when viewed under a microscope
28
Q

H&E

A
  • Method of staining that combines hematoxylin and eosin
29
Q

Staining (2)

A
  • Colorful histologic images are achieved through specialized stains applied to tissue
  • Most common technique is a combination of two stains: hematoxylin and eosin
31
Q

Hematoxylin (4)

A
  • Basic dye that stains a blueish-purple
  • Acids bind to hematoxylin
  • Substances that stain with hematoxylin are considered basophilic
  • Stains DNA and RNA (nucleic acids)
32
Q

Basophilia is abundant in (2)

A
  • Cell nucleus

- rough endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

Eosin (3)

A
  • produces a pink color
  • Cellular constituents that bind to eosin are considered acidophilic
  • Binds to cytoplasm (especially mitochondria) and connective tissue fibers
33
Q

Periodic acid-Shiff stain (PAS)

A

identifies glycogen and other carbohydrates in basement membrane

34
Q

Trichrome stains (2)

A
  • highlight connective tissue

- stains greenish-blue

35
Q

Wright’s stain

A

Used in blood

36
Q

Cresyl violet

A

Applied to neural tissue

37
Q

For electron microscopy ____ stain ___

A

lipids stain black

38
Q

Most specimens are viewed by

A

Light microscopy

39
Q

Cons of light microscopy

A
  • Limited ability to show intracellular details
40
Q

Pros and Cons of Transmission electron

A

Pros: Shows fine details within the cell and preparation for TEM highlights cellular membranes, which appear as thin dark lines
Cons: Shows details only in black and white

41
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A
  • Tissue is placed on small copper grid and electron beam is focused on specimen
42
Q

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

Used to show 3D surface structure of a cell

From Flashcardlet (110 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions