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From Flashcardlet > 530c- Blood Vessels > Flashcards

530c- Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood vessels

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2
Q

Malignant tumors secrete proteins called tumor angiogenesis factors (TAFs) that

A

stimulate blood vessel growth to nurture the tumor cells

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3
Q

Arteries carry blood from

A

heart to tissues

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4
Q

Arterioles are

A

small arteries that connect to capillaries

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5
Q

Venules connect

A

capillaries to larger veins

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6
Q

Veins carry blood from

A

tissues back to heart

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7
Q

Vaso vasorum are

A

small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of the arteries and veins

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8
Q

Wall of an artery consists of 3 layers:

A

Tunica interna

Tunica media

Tunica externa or adventitia

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9
Q

Arteries- tunica interna consists of

A

simple squamous epithelium known as endothelium

basement membrane

internal elastic lamina

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10
Q

Arteries- Tunica media consists of

A

circular smooth muscle & elastic fibers

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11
Q

Arteries- tunica externa consists of

A

elastic & collagen fibers

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12
Q

Functional properties of arteries are

A

Elasticity and contractility

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13
Q

Elasticity of arteries is due to

A

the elastic tissue in the tunica internal and media

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14
Q

Elasticity of arteries allows

A

arteries to accept blood under great pressure from the contraction of the ventricles and to send it on through the system

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15
Q

Contractility of arteries is due to

A

smooth muscle in the tunica media

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16
Q

Contractility of arteries allows

A

arteries to increase or decrease lumen size and to limit bleeding from wounds

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17
Q

Vascular smooth muslce is innervated by

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

Smpathetic innervation leads to

A

muscle contraction/vasoconstriction

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19
Q

What causes vasodilation

A

Nitric oxide

K+

H+

lactic acid

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20
Q

Elastic arteries- composition

A

Large arteries with more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle

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21
Q

elastic arteries- function

A

are able to receive blood under pressure and propel it onward.

function as a pressure reservoir recoiling and expanding as the heart ejects blood

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22
Q

Elastic arteries are also known as ___ because

A

Conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized muscular arteries

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23
Q

Muscular arteries- composition

A

Medium-sized arteries with more muscle than elastic fibers in tunica media

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24
Q

Function of muscular arteries

A

Capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust rate of flow

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25
Q

Muscular arteries are also called ___ because

A

Distributing arteries because they direct blood flow

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26
Q

Arterioles deliver blood to

A

capillaries

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27
Q

Arterioles assume a key role in

A

regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries

Altering arterial blood pressure

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28
Q

Arterioles consist of

A

Tunica media containing few layers of muscle

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29
Q

Metarterioles are

A

short vessel(s) that link arterioles and capillaries

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30
Q

Capillaries connect

A

Arterioles to venules

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31
Q

Capillaries are more extensive in

A

Highly active tissue (muscles, liver, kidneys, and brain)

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32
Q

___ (3) lack capillaries

A

Epithelia, cornea and lens of eye, and cartilage

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33
Q

Capillary walls are composed of

A

Only a single layer of cells (endothelium) and a basement membrane

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34
Q

Types of capillaries

A

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoids

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35
Q

Continuous capillaries are located in

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle

Connective tissue

Lungs

Nervous system

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36
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are located in

A

Kidneys

Small Intestine

Choroid plexuses

Ciliary process

Endocrine glands

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37
Q

Sinusoids are located in

A

Liver

Bone marrow

Spleen

Anterior pituitary

Parathyroid gland

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38
Q

Function of venules

A

Collect blood from capillaries

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39
Q

Porous endothelium of venules allows

A

for escape of many phagocytic white blood cells

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40
Q

Veins vs. arteries- structure

A

Both consist of same 3 tunics but veins have a thinner tunica interna and media and a thicker tunica externa

Veins have less elastic tissue and smooth muscle

Veins are thinner-walled than arteries

Veins contain valves to prevent blackflow of blood

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41
Q

Vascular (venous) sinuses

A

veins with very thin walls with no smooth muscle to alter their diameters

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42
Q

Veins lack

A

External and internal elastic lamina

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43
Q

Valves are

A

Thin folds of tunica intima designed to prevent backflow

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44
Q

Vericose veins are caused by

A

leaky venous valves

congenital or mechanically stressed from prolonged standing or pregnancy

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45
Q

Vericose veins allow

A

backflow and pooling of blood

extra pressure forces fluids into surrounding tissues

nearby tissue is inflamed and tender

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46
Q

Most common sites for vericose veins

A

the esophagus

superficial veins of the lower limbs

veins in the anal canal

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47
Q

Why are deeper veins not susceptible to vericose veins

A

Because deeper veins have support of surrounding muscles

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48
Q

Treatments for vericose veins in lower limbs

A

sclerotherapy

radiofrequency endovenous occlusion

laser occlusion

surgical stripping

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49
Q

Anastomosis is

A

Union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region

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50
Q

Anastomosis- blockage of 1 pathway

A

has no effect

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51
Q

Locations for anastomosis

A

circle of Willis underneath brain

coronary circulation of heart

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52
Q

Alternate route of blood flow though an anastomosis is known as

A

Colalteral circulation

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53
Q

Arteries that do not anastomose are known as

A

End arteries

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54
Q

Occlusion of end artery leads to

A

Interruption of blood supply to a whole segment of an organ, producing necrosis (death) of that segment

55
Q

60% of blood volume at rest is in

A

Systemic veins and venules

56
Q

Blood volume that exists in systemic veins and venules at rest function as

A

Blood reservoir

57
Q

Blood is divered from systemic veins and venules in times of need, such as:

A

increased muscular activity produces venoconstriction

hemorrhage causes venoconstriction to help maintain blood pressure

58
Q

15% of blood volume is in

A

Arteries and arterioles

59
Q

Blood flow

A

volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period

60
Q

In clinical use, blood pressure refers to

A

Pressure in arteries

61
Q

Factors that affect blood pressure include

A

cardiac output,

blood volume and viscosity

resistance, and elasticity of arteries

62
Q

As blood leaves the aorta and flows through systemic circulation

A

its pressure progressively falls to 0 mm Hg by the time it reaches the right atrium

63
Q

Resistance refers to

A

the opposition to the blood flow as a result of friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels

64
Q

Vascular resistance depends on

A

the diameter of the blood vessel

blood viscosity

total blood vessel length

65
Q

Systemic vascular resistance refers to

A

all of the vascular resistances offered by systemic blood vessels

66
Q

Most resistance is in

A

arterioles, capillaries, and venules due to their small diameters

67
Q

Blood pressure is caused by

A

Contraction of ventricles

68
Q

Blood pressure is highest in

A

Aorta

69
Q

Pressure falls steadily in

A

Systemic circulation with distance from left ventrilce

70
Q

Speed of blood flow is ___ related to cross-sectional area

A

Inversely

71
Q

Blood flow becomes faster when

A

Vessels merge to form veins

72
Q

Venous return is

A

arterioles, capillaries, and venules due to their small diameters

73
Q

Venous return depends on

A

pressure difference from venules to right atrium

leaky tricuspid valve

buildup of blood on venous side of circulation

74
Q

Function and properties of respiratory pump

A

decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure during inhalation,

moves blood into thoracic veins and the right atrium

75
Q

Role of cardiovascular center

A

help regulate heart rate & stroke volume

specific neurons regulate blood vessel diameter

76
Q

Input to cardiovascular center is controlled by

A

Higher brain centers such as cerebral cortex, limbic system & hypothalamus

77
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Provide input during physical activity

78
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Monitor changes in pressure within blood vessels

79
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor concentration of chemicals in the blood

80
Q

Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) function

A

Decreases heart rate

81
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Cause increase or decrease in contractility and rate

82
Q

Blood vessels are controlled by

A

Sympathetic vasomotor nerves

83
Q

Increased simulation of of sympathetic vasomotor nerves produces

A

Constriction of blood vessels and increased blood pressure

84
Q

cardiac sinus reflex is concerned with

A

maintaining normal blood pressure in the brain and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid sinus

85
Q

Aortic reflex is concerned with

A

general systemic blood pressure and is initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the arch of the aorta or attached to the arch

86
Q

If blood pressure falls, baroreceptor reflexes

A

accelerate heart rate

increase force of contraction,

promote vasoconstriction

87
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes include

A

Carotid sinus reflex

Aortic reflex

88
Q

Function of carotid sinus reflex

A

Maintains normal BP in brain

89
Q

Function of aortic reflex

A

maintains general systemic BP

90
Q

Carotid sinus reflex has control of

A

glossopharyngeal nerve to cardiovascular center in medulla

91
Q

Aortic reflex has control of

A

vagus nerve to cardiovascular center

92
Q

Carotid sinus massage can

A

slow heart rate in paroxysmal superventricular tachycardia

93
Q

Stimulation over the carotid sinus

A

Lowers heart rate

94
Q

Syncope

A

sudden, temporary loss of consciousness not due to trauma

95
Q

Syncope is due to

A

cerebral ischemia or lack of blood flow to the brain

96
Q

Vasodepressor syncope

A

Sudden emotional stress

97
Q

Situational syncope

A

Pressure stress of coughing, defecation, or urination

98
Q

Drug-induced syncope

A

antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators and tranquilizers

99
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

decrease in BP upon standing

100
Q

Function of carotid bodies and aortic bodies

A

detect changes in blood levels of O2, CO2, and H+ (hypoxia, hypercapnia or acidosis )

causes stimulation of cardiovascular center

increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles & veins

vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure

Also changes breathing rate

101
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by

A

a decrease in BP or a decreased blood flow to kidney

102
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system allows for

A

release of renin –> results in formation angiotensin II

Systemic vasoconstriction –> release of aldosterone

103
Q

Function of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

increases heart rate & force of contraction

causes vasoconstriction in skin & abdominal organs

vasodilation in cardiac & skeletal muscle

104
Q

ADH causes

A

Vasoconstriction

105
Q

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) function

A

Lowers BP

Causes vasodilation and loss of salt and water in urine

106
Q

Autoregulation

A

ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its own blood flow to match its metabolic demand for supply of O2 and nutrients and removal of wastes

107
Q

Warming and decrease in vascular stretching promotes

A

Vasodilation

108
Q

Vasoactive substances include

A

K+

H+

lactic acid

nitric oxide

109
Q

Systemic vessels dilate in response to

A

Low levels of O2

110
Q

Pulmonary vessels constrict in response to

A

Low levels of O2

111
Q

Pulse is a ___ wave

A

Pressure

112
Q

Korotkoff sounds are heard while

A

Taking blood pressure

113
Q

Systolic blood pressure is recorded during

A

Ventricular contraction

114
Q

Diastolic blood pressure is recorded during

A

Ventricular relaxation

115
Q

Pulse pressure is

A

The different between systolic and diastolic

116
Q

Normal ratio of systolic:diastolic:pulse pressure

A

3:2:1

117
Q

Pulse pressure is normally about

A

40 mm Hg

118
Q

Pulse pressure provides information about

A

The condition of the arteries

119
Q

Shock is

A

an inadequate cardiac output that results in failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of body cells

120
Q

What are the consequences of shock

A

Cellular membranes dysfunction

Cellular metabolism is abnormal

Cellular death may eventually occur without proper treatment

121
Q

Chemical process that happens during shock

A

Inadequate perfusion –> cells forced to switch to anaerobic respiration –> lactic acid builds up –> cells and tissues become damaged and die

122
Q

Types of shock

A

Hypovolemic

Cardiogenic

Vascular

Obstructive

123
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

due to loss of blood or body fluids

hemorrhage, sweating, diarrhea

124
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

caused by damage to pumping action of the heart

MI, ischemia, valve problems or arrhythmias

125
Q

Vascular shock causes

A

Inappropriate vasodilation

anaphylatic shock, septic shock or neurogenic shock (head trauma)

126
Q

Obstructive shock

A

caused by blockage of circulation (pulmonary embolism)

127
Q

Mechanisms of compensation of shock

A

activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

secretion of antidiuretic hormone

activation of sympathetic nervous system

release of local vasodilators

128
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock

A

Rapid resting heart rate (sympathetic stimulation)
Weak, rapid pulse due to reduced cardiac output & fast heart rate

Clammy, cool skin due to cutaneous vasoconstriction

Sweating caused by sympathetic stimulation

Altered mental state due to cerebral ischemia

Reduced urine formation caused by vasoconstriction to kidneys & increased aldosterone & antidiuretic hormone

Thirst caused by loss of extracellular fluid

Acidosis caused by buildup of lactic acid

Nausea caused by impaired circulation to GI tract

129
Q

General changes in cardiovascular system associated with aging

A

decreased compliance of aorta

reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size

reduced cardiac output & maximum heart rate

increase in systolic pressure

130
Q

Hypertension

A

persistently high blood pressure

systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater and diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater

131
Q

Primary hypertension

A

persistently elevated blood pressure that cannot be attributed to any particular organic cause.

132
Q

90-95% of hypertension cases are

A

Primary hypertension

133
Q

Secondary hypertension can be caused by

A

obstruction of renal blood flow or disorders that damage renal tissue

hypersecretion of aldosterone,

hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal gland

134
Q

Drugs that can be used to treat hypertension include

A

Diuretics

Beta blockers

Vasodilators

Calcium channel blockers

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