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From Flashcardlet > Physiology: Compartmental Organization of the Body; Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis > Flashcards

Physiology: Compartmental Organization of the Body; Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Flashcards

0
Q

Osmoles

A

Number of solute particles

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1
Q

Molarity

A

Concentration relative to molecular weight and total volume

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2
Q

Osmolality

A
  • Solute particles/1kg

- Temperature independent

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3
Q

Osmolarity

A
  • Solute particles/1L

- Temperature dependent

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4
Q

Equivalents

A

Relative to valence

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5
Q

Isotonic

A
  • Normal osmolarity

- Won’t cause cells to swell or shrink

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6
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • Fluid osmolality lower than normal osmolality

- Causes cells to swell

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7
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • Fluid osmolality is higher than normal cell osmolality

- Will cause cells to shrink

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8
Q

How are systems regulated?

A
  • CaPO4 input = CaPO4 output in adults

- In growing children, the CaPO4 input > output

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9
Q

How do systems interact?

A
  • Nervous system controls the heart

- Renal system controls blood pressure

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10
Q

____ are the organizing principles of physiology

A

Laws of Physics

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11
Q

Ion movement drives

A

Excitability of both the nervous and muscular systems

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12
Q

Blood pressure is governed by

A

NaCl molecules in the fixed volume of the cardiovascular system

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13
Q

How do blood pressure lowering drugs work?

A
  • Decrease NaCl in body via diuretics OR

- increase the volume of the blood vessels via vasorelaxants

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14
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Stroke volume x Heart Rate

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15
Q

Formula for work of cardiac output

A

SV x mean arterial pressure

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment

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17
Q

Internal environment (definition)

A

Intracellular fluid + extracellular fluid, but NOT the luminal fluid

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18
Q

Luminal fluid (characteristics)

A
  • Receives highly variable input and produces highly variable output to match the input
  • Can be more concentrated or more dilute than ECF or ICF
  • Critical for adjusting whole body osmolality
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19
Q

What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

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20
Q

Extracellular fluid consists of

A
  • Plasma

- Interstitial fluid compartments

21
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Is the extracellular fluid in the cardiovascular space

- It is separated from the interstitial fluid by the vascular capillary endothelium

22
Q

How does solute and water movement between plasma and interstitial occur?

A

By non-specific filtration through capillary pores depending on physical forces

23
Q

Transcellular fluid (definition)

A

Extracellular fluid that is trapped in spaces surrounded by epithelia

24
Q

Examples of transcellular fluid

A
  • CSF

- Joint synovial fluid

25
Q

Structure and function of luminal fluid compartments

A
  • Interface with external environment

- Provide input and output routes

26
Q

What separates the luminal fluid from the extracellular fluid?

A
  • Epithelia capable of very selective transport of solutes and water
27
Q

What structure helps to match input to output in cells to maintain homeostasis of the extracellular fluid bathing the cells?

A

The epithelia that separate the luminal fluid from the extracellular fluid

28
Q

Modes of material transport between compartments in cells

A
  • Convection
  • Diffusion
  • Capillary filtration
  • Membrane transport
  • Epithelial membrane transport
29
Q

Material transport via CONVECTION

A
  • Occurs within vascular compartment
  • Driven by cardiac pump
  • Good for long distances
30
Q

Material transport via DIFFUSION

A
  • Occurs within intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

- Good for slow, short distances

31
Q

Material transport via CAPILLARY FILTRATION

A
  • Occurs between plasma and interstitial fluid

- Driven by convection (cardiac pump)

32
Q

Material transport via MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

A
  • Occurs between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

- Ex: Sodium/Potassium pump

33
Q

Material transport via EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

A
  • Occurs between interstitial fluid and luminal fluid

- Across apical and basolateral membranes in series

34
Q

Total body water =

A

= 60% of body weight OR

= Extracellular fluid volume + Intracellular fluid volume + Luminal fluid volume

35
Q

Extracellular fluid volume =

A

Plasma + interstitial fluid + transcellular fluid

36
Q

Blood volume is (2 + equation)

A
  • The volume inside the cardiovascular vessels and heart chambers
  • Is a mixture of ECF and ICF
    = RBC volume + plasma
37
Q

Ptyalism

A
  • Excessive loss of luminal fluids out of body
  • Caused by increased amounts of:
    - Saliva
    - Sweat
    - Cholera or diarrhea
38
Q

Hyponatremia

A
  • Low plasma Na+ and cell swelling

- Caused by excessive intake of water

39
Q

The ICF and ECF are always in

A

osmotic equilibrium which is maintained by osmosis

40
Q

___ and ___ constitute ___% of ECF osmolality

A

Na+ and Cl- constitute 80% of ECF osmolality

41
Q

___ constitute ___% of ICF osmolality

A

K+, phosphates constitute 75% of ICF osmolality

42
Q

What maintains transmembrane gradients

A

Sodium pump

43
Q

___ is always maintained within compartments

A

Electrical neutrality

44
Q

Plasma proteins (features)

A
  • Stay in the plasma (do not move across vascular endothelium into interstitial fluid)
  • Have multiple fixed charges which cause redistribution of diffusible ions between plasma and interstital fluid
45
Q

Intracellular volume is determined by

A
  • Mass of intracellular solutes such as K+ and Pi
46
Q

Extracellular fluid volume is determined by

A
  • Mass of extracellular solutes such as Na+ and Cl-
47
Q

How is plasma volume regulated?

A
  • Similar to ECF (i.e. by extracellular solutes) and with additional effects of plasma proteins and Starlings forces
48
Q

What is the primary determinant of ECF volume

A

Sodium

49
Q

ECF volume is proportional to

A

ECF sodium mass

50
Q

What is the driving force for water movement?

A
  • Osmotic pressure difference across membrane (NOT absolute osmolality)

From Flashcardlet (110 decks)

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