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From Flashcardlet > Microanatomy: Blood > Flashcards

Microanatomy: Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Classes of formed elements in blood

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Thrombocytes
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1
Q

Blood is composed of

A

Formed (cellular) elements suspended in plasma

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2
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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3
Q

Why do erythrocytes appear pink or gray-blue in blood smears?

A
  • Due to the large amount of hemoglobin within the cytoplasm of these cells
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4
Q

What percentage of oxygen in the blood do erythrocytes transport and why

A

95% because of the high affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

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5
Q

Fate of most carbon dioxide in blood

A

Dissolved in plasma

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6
Q

Shape of erythrocytes and purpose of this shape

A

Biconcave- resulting in an increased surface: volume ratio that facilitates gas exchange

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7
Q

Why do erythrocytes appear electron dense when viewed with TEM

A

Because of the presence of iron atoms in hemoglobin

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8
Q

Important feature of erythrocytes

A
  • Ability to reversibly change shape- allowing them to move readily through the narrowest capillary and enter the spleen
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9
Q

What happens as erythrocytes age

A

Their flexibility is dramatically decreased, so they become trapped in the spleen where they are destroyed by macrophages

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10
Q

Where are aging erythrocytes eliminated

A
  • Majority in spleen

- Small number in liver and bone marrow

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11
Q

Platelets (definition)

A

Small, non-nucleated cell fragments

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12
Q

What and where are platelets derived from

A

Derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

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13
Q

Function of platelets

A
  • Critical in limiting blood loss following vessel injury by triggering the formation of thrombi at the injury site
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14
Q

Function of platelets following injury to endothelium

A
  • Platelets are exposed t o subendothelial collagen –> platelets alter shape, becoming more spherical with pseudopodia –> increased adhesiveness –> platelets release contents of granules –> aggregation with other platelets –> alter local blood flow –> initiate coagulation cascade and fibrin formation –> vessel repair
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15
Q

Life span of platelets

A

10 days

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16
Q

How are platelets removed

A

By macrophages in the spleen

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17
Q

Thrombocytemia vs. Thrombocytopenia

A 
Thrombocytemia = too many platelets
Thrombocytopenia = too few platelets
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18
Q

Two main classes of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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19
Q

Types of granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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20
Q

Types of agranulocytes

A
  • Monocytes

- Lymphocytes

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21
Q

Order of leukocytes from most common to least common

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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22
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria

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23
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Destroy larger parasites and modulate allergic inflammatory responses

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24
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) when activated

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25
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Mature into macrophages which are phagocytic

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26
Q

Function of Lymphocytes

A
  • B cells become plasma cells

- T cells assist in immune reactions

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27
Q

Most of the functions of leukocytes are performed in

A

Tissues other than blood

28
Q

How do leukocytes leave the bloodstream

A
  • By migrating between endothelial cells in the venules (known as diapedesis)
29
Q

Features of nucleus in lymphocytes

A
  • Nucleus is acentrically located with abundant heterochromatin and only a small rim of cytoplasm
30
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A
  • B cells and T cells
31
Q

Monocyte nucleus features

A
  • Nucleus is acentrically located

- Nucleus is kidney shaped

32
Q

Largest of the circulating cells (i.e. white blood cells)

A

Monocytes

33
Q

Monocytes differentiate into ___ when ____

A

Differentiate into macrophages once they leave the blood stream and enter connective tissue

34
Q

All the formed elements in the blood are derived from

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

35
Q

Properties of hematopoietic stem cells

A
  • Cells have ability to self-renew, ensuring that pool of HSCs do not become depleted
36
Q

3 stages of development for formed elements in blood

A

Hematopoietic stem cells –> Committed progenitor cells –> Differentiated cells

37
Q

Progenitor cells are committed to the ___ or ___ lineages

A

Myeloid or lymphoid lineages

38
Q

Myeloid lineage gives rise to

A

Remainder of blood cells (except lymphocytes)

39
Q

Lymphoid lineage gives rise to

A

Lymphocytes

40
Q

Blood islands

A
  • Where blood formation occurs during embryonic development

- Defined as aggregates of blood cells in yolk sac

41
Q

Main hemopoietic organs during fetal development

A

Liver and spleen

42
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur when the skeletal system matures

A

Bone marrow

43
Q

Largest of the hemopoietic cells

A

Megakaryocytes

44
Q

___ give rise to platelets

A

Megakaryocytes

45
Q

Red bone marrow vs. yellow bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow = where hemopoietic cells are located

Yellow bone marrow = location of adipose cells

46
Q

Vascular sinusoids

A
  • Structures that contain both circulating and newly formed blood cells
  • Can be observed through the marrow
47
Q

___, ___, and ___ of cells in the lymphoid linage occurs in secondary lymphoid organs, such as the ___, ___, and ___

A

Maturation, activation, and some proliferation of cells in the lymphoid linage occurs in secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.

48
Q

What contributes to lukemia

A

Neoplasms in the bone marrow

49
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Arises when bone marrow does not produce enough new cells to replenish mature blood cells

50
Q

How do erythrocytes develop

A

Progenitor cells –> proerythroblasts –> erythroblasts –> reticulocytes –> released from bone marrow into circulation –> completion of hemoglobin synthesis –> RNA degraded –> mature erythrocyte

51
Q

Features of erythroblasts

A
  • Retain cell nucleus

- Synthesize hemoglobin on free ribosomes

52
Q

Elevated reticulocyte count indicates

A

Increased rate of red cell production

53
Q

Process of red blood cell development is called

A

Erythropoiesis

54
Q

How is erythropoiesis regulated

A

By a key growth factor (protein) called erythropoietin growth factor (EPO)

55
Q

Process of platelet formation

A

Progenitor cell –> Megakaryoblasts –> Megakaryocytes –> cytoplasm of megakaryoctes fragments along narrow cytoplasmic channels into clusters of proplatelets –> released into sinusoids as individual platelets

56
Q

Features of megakaryocytes

A
  • They do not divide

- DNA content is repeatedly doubled by a process known as endomitosis

57
Q

How are monocytes and lymphocytes formed

A

They undergo terminal differentiation outside the bone marrow and blood stream

58
Q

Fate of monocytes

A

Monocytes remain in blood stream for a day –> enter tissues and serous cavities –> mature into macrophages

59
Q

Macrophages (features)

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Act as antigen-presenting cells in immune system
  • Have many cytoplasmic processes
  • Have numerous lysosomes in cytoplasm
60
Q

Monocytes have many cytoplasmic processes. What does this indicate

A
  • They have active movement
61
Q

Why do monocytes have many lysosomes in their cytoplasm

A
  • They are necessary for the destruction of phagocytosed material
62
Q

Plasma cells are derived from

A

activated B lymphocytes

63
Q

Where are plasma cells commonly found

A

Loose connective tissue

64
Q

Where does terminal differentiation of plasma cells occur

A

Lymph nodes

65
Q

Function of plasma cells

A

Synthesize and secrete large volumes of antibody (immunoglobulins) directed against one specific antigen

66
Q

Structure of plasma cells

A
  • Abundance of rough ER
  • Nucleus is eccentrically located
  • Distinct nucleolus
  • Clumps of heterochromatin
  • No storage vesicles in cytoplasm
67
Q

Plasma cells have no storage vesicles in the cytoplasm. What does this indicate?

A

Syntehsized proteins are constitutively secreted

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