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From Flashcardlet > 530c- The Heart > Flashcards

530c- The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Location of heart

A

In mediastinum between second rib and 5th intercostal

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2
Q

Function of pericardium

A

Protects and anchors heart

Prevents overfilling of heart

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3
Q

Parietal layer of pericardium

A

layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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4
Q

Visceral layer of pericardium is located on

A

external surface of heart

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5
Q

parietal and visceral pericardium are separated by

A

fluid-filled pericardial cavity

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6
Q

Layers of heart wall

A

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

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7
Q

Myocardium contains

A

Spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells

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8
Q

Myocardium function

A

Anchors cardiac muscle fibers

Supports great vessels and valves

Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths

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9
Q

Atria are separated internally by

A

interatrial septum

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10
Q

___ encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

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11
Q

___ increase atrial volume

A

Auricles

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12
Q

Ventricles are separated by

A

interventricular septum

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13
Q

___ mark the position of the septum externally

A

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

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14
Q

Vessels that enter the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Coronary sinus

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15
Q

Vessels that enter the left atrium

A

Right and left pulmonary veins

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16
Q

Atria are the ___ chambers

A

Receiving

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve- function

A

Blood flows through it (Right atrium into right ventricle)

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18
Q

Tricuspid valve- structure

A

three cusps composed of dense CT covered by endocardium

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19
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Blood passes through it (Left atrium into left ventricle)

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20
Q

Blood vessel leaving the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

Blood vessel leaving the left ventricle

A

Aorta

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22
Q

Chordae tendineae of right ventricle

A

cords between valve cusps and papillary muscles of right ventricle

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23
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Blood flows from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

Chordae tendineae of left ventricle

A

anchor bicuspid valve to papillary muscles

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25
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Blood passes from left ventricle into ascending aorta

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26
Q

Right side of heart is pump for

A

the pulmonary circuit

Vessels carry blood to and from lungs

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27
Q

Left side of heart is pump for

A

the systemic circuit

vessels carry blood to and from all body tissues

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28
Q

Pathway of blood through heart

A

RA –> tricuspid –> RV –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> LA –> bicuspid valve –> LV –> aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –> systemic circulation

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29
Q

Blood that is pumped to pulmonary and systemic circuits are ___ in volume

A

Equal

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30
Q

Pulmonary circuit is a ___, ___ circulation

A

Short, low pressure

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31
Q

Atria walls vs. ventricle walls

A

Atrai are thin walled

Ventricle walls are thicker and stronger

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32
Q

Right ventricle supplies blood to

A

Lungs

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33
Q

Left ventricle wall supplies blood to

A

Systemic circulation

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34
Q

Coronary circulation in arteries include

A

Right and left coronary

Marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries

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35
Q

Coronary circulation in veins include

A

Small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins

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36
Q

Function of heart valves

A

Ensure unidirectional blood flow though heart

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37
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves- function

A

Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract

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38
Q

Ex. of AV valves

A

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

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39
Q

___ anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendineae

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40
Q

Semilunar (SL) valves- function

A

Prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax

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41
Q

Examples of SL valves

A

Aortic semilunar valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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42
Q

Types of junctions in cardiac muscle

A

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

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43
Q

Depolarization of heart is

A

Rhythmic and spontaneous

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44
Q

About 1% of cardiac cells have

A

automaticity (self-excitable)

Act as pacemaker to set rhythm for entire heart

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45
Q

Gap junctions ensure

A

heart contracts as a unit

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46
Q

Cardiac muscle relies on ___ for ATP production

A

aerobic cellular respiration

produces some from creatine phosphate

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47
Q

Presence of creatine kinase in the blood indicates

A

Injury of cardiact muscle, usually caused by a myocardial infarction

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48
Q

Autorhythmic cells have ___ resting potentials due to ____

A

Unstable

due to open, slow Na+ channels

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49
Q

Repolarization of cardiac muscle results from

A

Inactivation of Ca2+ channels and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

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50
Q

__ and __ stimulate opening of pacemaker Na+ channels

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Depolarizes SA node faster, increasing heart rate

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51
Q

___ promotes opeing of K+ channels

A

ACh

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52
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)

A

pacemaker

Generates impulses about 75 times/minute

Depolarizes faster than any other part of the myocardium

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53
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV)

A

Smaller diameter fibers

Delays impulses by 0.1 seconds

Depolarizes 50 times/minute in absence of SA node input

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54
Q

Sequence of Excitation in heart

A

SA node –> AV node –> AV bundle (bundle of His) –> Right and left bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers

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55
Q

Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles

A

bundle of His

56
Q

Function of right and left bundle branches

A

carry the impulses toward the apex of the heart

57
Q

Location of right and left bundle branches

A

Interventricular septum

58
Q

Defects in the intrinsic conduction system may result in

A

Arrhythmias/dysrhythmias

Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions (heart block)

Fibrillation

59
Q

Arrhythmias/dysrhythmias are

A

Irrecular heart rhythms

60
Q

Supraventricular arrhythmias/dysrhythmias are affiliated with

A

SA, AV, and junctional tissues

61
Q

Ventricular Arrhythmias/dysrhythmias are affiliated with

A

Ventricular conduction system and ventricular muscle

62
Q

Fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions; useless for pumping blood

63
Q

Defective SA node may result in

A

Ectopic focus = abnormal pacemaker takes over

64
Q

If SA node is defective and AV node takes over

A

there will be a junctional rhythm

65
Q

Defective AV node may result in

A

Partial or total heart block

Few or no impulses from SA node reach the ventricles

66
Q

Heartbeat is modified by the

A

Asympathetic nervous system

67
Q

Cardiac centers are located in the

A

Medulla oblongata

68
Q

Cardioacceleratory center- function

A

innervates SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, and coronary arteries through sympathetic nerves

69
Q

Cardioinhibitory center- function

A

inhibits SA and AV nodes through parasympathetic fibers in the vagus nerves

70
Q

Vargas nerve

A

Parasympathetic

Decreases heart rate

71
Q

Sympathetic cardiac nerves

A

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

72
Q

What is an EKG?

A

a composite of all the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time

73
Q

P wave represents

A

Depolarization of SA node

74
Q

QRS complex represents

A

Ventricular depolarization

75
Q

T wave represents

A

Ventricular repolarization

76
Q

EKG helps to determine

A

if the conduction pathway is abnormal

if the heart is enlarged

if certain regions are damaged

77
Q

Lub sound of heart is

A

First sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole

78
Q

Dub sound of heart is

A

Second sound occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole

79
Q

Heart murmurs are often indicative of

A

valve problems

80
Q

Cardiac cycle consists of

A

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles.

81
Q

During a cardiac cycle, atria and ventricles

A

alternately contract and relax forcing blood from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure

82
Q

Phages of cardiac cycle

A
  1. Ventricular filling
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Isovolumetric relaxation
83
Q

Ventricular filling takes place

A

in mid to late diastole

84
Q

What happens during ventricular filling?

A

AV valves are open

80% of blood passively flows into ventricles

Atrial systole occurs, delivering the remaining 20%

85
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

about 130ml

86
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Atria relax and ventricles begin to contract

Rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves

Isovolumetric contraction phase (all valves are closed)

In ejection phase, ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in the large arteries, forcing the SL valves open

87
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle

about 60ml

88
Q

Isovolumetic relaxation occurs in

A

early diastole

89
Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Ventricles relax

Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes SL valves and causes dicrotic notch (brief rise in aortic pressure)

90
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume ejected per beat from each ventricle

70 ml

91
Q

SV equation

A

SV = EDV-ESV

92
Q

Blood pressure in aorta is

A

120 mm Hg

93
Q

Blood pressure in pulmonary trunk is

A

30mm Hg

94
Q

Differences in ___ allows heart to push the same amount of blood with more force from the ____

A

Differences in ventricle wall thickness

more force from left ventricle

95
Q

Cardiac output is

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

96
Q

Cardiac output- equation

A

CO= heart rate x stroke volume

97
Q

Cardiac reserve is

A

the ratio between the maximum cardiac output a person can achieve and the cardiac output at rest

98
Q

Heart failure is

A

use of the cardiac reserve at rest

99
Q

3 main factors affect stroke volume

A

Preload

Contractility

Afterload

100
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract

101
Q

At rest, cardiac muscle cells are

A

shorter than optimal length

102
Q

Stretching cardiac muscle produces

A

dramatic increase contractile forces

103
Q

___ and ___ increase venous return

A

Slow heartbeat and exercise

104
Q

Consequences of increased venous return

A

distends (stretches) the ventricles and increases contraction force

105
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV

106
Q

___ increase contractility

A

Positive inotropic agents (increased Ca2+ influx due to sympathetic stimulation and hormones)

107
Q

___ decrease contractility

A

Negative inotropic agents (acidosis, increased extracellular K+, and calcium channel blockers)

108
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood

109
Q

___ increases afterload, resulting in ___ and ___

A

Hypertension

results in increase ESV and reduced SV

110
Q

Positive chronotropic factors vs Negative chronotropic factors

A

Positive chronotropic factors increase heart rate

Negative chronotropic factors decrease heart rate

111
Q

Factors that regulate heart rate

A

Autonomic nervous system

Chemicals

hormones

112
Q

___ is activated by emotional or physical stressors

A

Sympathetic nervous system

113
Q

___ causes the pacemaker to fire more rapidly (and at the same time increases contractility)

A

Norepinephrine

114
Q

Function of acetylcholine

A

hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K+ channels

115
Q

Heart at rest exhibits

A

vagal tone (parasympathetic)

116
Q

Atrial (Brainbridge) reflex

A

a sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return

117
Q

Stretch of atrial walls leads to

A

stimulation of SA node

stimulation of atrial stretch receptors, activating sympathetic reflexes

118
Q

Hormones that regulate heart rate

A

Epinephrine

Thyroxine

119
Q

Epinephrine is released from

A

adrenal medulla

120
Q

Function of epinephrine

A

enhances heart rate and contractility

121
Q

Function of thyroxine

A

increases heart rate and enhances the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine

122
Q

___ must be maintained for normal heart function

A

Intra- and extracellular ion concentrations

123
Q

Other factors that influence heart rate

A

Age

Gender

Exercise

Body temperature

124
Q

Myocardial infarction + treatment

A

death of area of heart muscle from lack of O2

replaced with scar tissue

125
Q

Blood clot- treatment

A

use clot dissolving drugs (streptokinase or t-PA & heparin)

balloon angioplasty

126
Q

Angina pectoris

A

heart pain from ischemia of cardiac muscle

Cells are weakened

127
Q

Age-related changes affecting the heart

A

Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps

Decline in cardiac reserve

Fibrosis of cardiac muscle

Atherosclerosis

128
Q

What is a congenital heart defect?

A

a defect that exists at birth, and usually before birth.

129
Q

Congenital defects of the heart include

A

coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus

septal defects (interatrial or interventricular)

valvular stenosis

tetralogy of Fallot.

130
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

The superior part of the inter-
ventricular septum fails to
form; thus, blood mixes
between the two ventricles.

More blood is shunted from
left to right because the left
ventricle is stronger

131
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

. A part of the
aorta is narrowed,
increasing the workload
of the left ventricle

132
Q

Tetralogy or Fallot

A

4 defects:

(1) Pulmonary trunk
too narrow and pulmonary
valve stenosed, resulting
in

(2) hypertrophied right
ventricle;

(3) ventricular
septal defect;

(4) aorta
opens from both ventricles.

133
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate

134
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate slower than 60 bpm

135
Q

Bradycardia may result in

A

grossly inadequate blood circulation

136
Q

Bradycardia may be a desirable result of

A

Endurance training

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