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House Microbiology > INTRO TO BACTERIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRO TO BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria are __karyotes

A

pro

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2
Q

Bacteria cells possess nuclei and organelles

T/F

A

F

They lack them

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3
Q

Bacteria range in size from about ___ to __ μm

A

0.2

5

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4
Q

Plasma membrane of prokaryotes contain sterols

T/F

Mention exceptions

A

F

Except mycoplasma species

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5
Q

Absence of nuclear membrane in prokaryotes

T/F

A

T

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6
Q

Genome of prokaryotes

Single or double
Linear or circular

A

Single

Circular

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7
Q

Prokaryotes have organelles

T/F

A

T

Just not membrane bound organelles

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8
Q

Ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Pro- 70S (50+30)

Euk-80S (60+40)

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9
Q

Cell division of prokaryotes is by??

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

Bacteria are classified by shape into three basic groups:

*___
*_____
*___

A

Cocci

Bacilli

Spirochetes

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11
Q

Cocci (____)

Bacilli (___)

Spirochetes (_____)

A

round

rods

spiral-shaped

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12
Q

In addition to their characteristic shapes, the arrangement of bacteria is important.For example, certain cocci occur
* in pairs ( _______)
*some in chains(_______)
*some in grapelike clusters (_____)

A

diplococci

streptococci

staphylococci

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13
Q

Example of a rod shaped bacteria

A

Escherichia coli

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14
Q

3 Examples of a snake like shaped bacteria

A

Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospiral

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15
Q

Examples of a diplococci

A

Neisseria, moraxella

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16
Q

Example of a coccobacillus

A

Bordetella pertussis

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17
Q

-The bacterial “______” is a term applied to all material external to and enclosing the cytoplasm.

A

CELL ENVELOPE

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18
Q

CELL ENVELOPE

-It consists of several chemically and functionally distinct layers, the most prominent of which are the:
*_____
*______
*______
*______

A

Cell wall

Cytoplasmic membrane.

Capsule

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

-The cell membrane is composed of ______, the molecules of which form two parallel surfaces (called a lipid bilayer)

-The _____ groups are on the outside of the bilayer and the ______ are on the inside.

A

phospholipids

polar phosphate

nonpolar lipid chains

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20
Q

CELL WALL
-The cell wall is located (internal or external?) to the cytoplasmic membrane and is composed of _____.

A

External

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

The cell wall acts as a barrier, and protects cell contents from the external environment

T/F

A

T

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22
Q

The cell wall

Maintains cell osmotic pressure in a hypotonic environment

T/F

A

T

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23
Q

The cell wall Contributes to sensitivity to certain antimicrobial agents (penicillin) and the immune system (antibodies, phagocytes)

T/F

A

T

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24
Q

The cell wall doesn’t Determines reactivity to Gram stain
T/F

A

F

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25
Q

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

  • is a complex, interwoven network that surrounds the entire cell and is composed of a single covalently linked macromolecule
    T/F
    -
A

T

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26
Q

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

-The basic structure consists of ______ chains with _______ or longer side chains that are cross-linked through ___ bonds.

A

polysaccharide (glycan)

tetrapeptide

peptide

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27
Q

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

The glycan chains are linear polymers of a repeating __saccharide composed of __________ and _______

A

di

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

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28
Q

__________ , present in human tears and mucous secretions, cleaves glycan chains.

A

Lysozyme

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29
Q

GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL

-Gram-positive bacteria have (thin or thick?), (single or multi?)layered, peptidoglycan cell walls that are (interior or exterior?) to the cytoplasmic membrane.

A

Thick

Multi

exterior

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30
Q

_____ and ____ acids associated with peptidoglycan are antigenic (strain differences) and may promote _______

A

Teichoic and lipoteichoic

adhesion to host tissue.

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31
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALL

-Gram-negative bacteria have a (less or more?) complex cell wall structure composed of ___ membranes Which are separated by the _________ , which contains the (thin or thick?) peptidoglycan layer.

A

More

two

periplasmic space

Thin

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32
Q

The periplasmic space also contains ______ and ______

A

degradative enzymes and transport proteins.

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33
Q

The outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria lacks porins

T/F

A

F

It has it

34
Q

-The outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria contains porins which allow passage of (small or?) _______ molecules.

-The outer membrane is distinguished by the presence of embedded ______

A

Small

hydrophilic

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

35
Q

LPS Consists of _______ and ____

A

antigenic o-polysaccharide and lipid A (endotoxin)

36
Q

LPS also protects the cell from phagocytosis, penicillins and the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme T/F

A

T

37
Q

GRAM STAIN PROCEDURE

Go!!!

A

Pour crystal violet (60 secs)
-Wash off with water and flood with iodine (60 secs)
-Wash off with water and decolorise with 95% alcohol
-Counterstain with safranin (60 secs) and wash off with water

38
Q

Answer with present or absent

Gram positive vs gram negative

Outer membrane
LPS
Techoic acids
Capsule

A

Absent; present
Absent; present
Present in many; absent
Present in many; present in many

39
Q

Who is more resistant to lysosomes and antibiotic permeability

Gram positive or negative

A

Negative

40
Q

Which undergoes sporulation

Gram positive or negative

A

Positive

41
Q

Which has exotoxin

Gram positive or negative

A

Both

42
Q

CELL WALLS OF Acid-fast bacilli

-Mycobacteria (e.g._______) have an unusual cell wall, resulting in their inability to be Gram-stained.
-These bacteria are said to be acid-fast because ________

-This property is related to the high concentration of ___, called ______, in the cell wall of mycobacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

they resist decolorization with acid–alcohol after being stained with carbolfuchsin

lipids

mycolic acids

43
Q

FLAGELLA

-Flagella are polymers of ____ ( ____ )

A

proteins

flagellin

44
Q

Flagella are strongly antigenic.

T/F

A

T

45
Q

The flagella may be
*polar (single cell, ____)
*lophotrichous (a _____)
*amphitrichous: _________
*peritrichous (_______).

A

Restricted to the pole

tuft at one pole

one or more flagella at both ends of the cell

distributed over the cell surface

46
Q

Capsules can be a source of nutrients and energy to microbes.

T/F

A

T

47
Q

Capsule

Is gelatinous

T/F

A

T

48
Q

Capsular polysaccharides are used as the antigens in certain vaccines because ________

A

they are capable of eliciting protective antibodies.

49
Q

Streptococcus mutans, which colonizes ___, ferments the ___ in the _____ and the acid byproducts contribute to _____

A

teeth

sugar

Capsule

tooth decay.

50
Q

Capsule Prevents cell from drying out

T/F

A

T

51
Q

GLYCOCALYX
-aka the _____
-is a loosely bound, (amorphous or crystalline?) polysaccharide coating that is secreted by many bacteria.

A

slime layer

amorphous

52
Q

Glycocalyx prevents the bacteria from adhering firmly to various structures (e.g., skin, heart valves, prosthetic joints, and catheters)

T/F

A

F

It allows it

53
Q

The ____ is an important component of biofilms

A

glycocalyx

54
Q

NUCLEOID

-Bacterial cells contain a (single or double?) chromosome composed of a (linear or circular?) DNA molecule.

A

Single

Circular

55
Q

NUCLEOID

is not membrane bound.

T/F

A

T

56
Q

Plasmids, which are (small or large?) , (linear or circular?) fragments of (intra or extra?) chromosomal DNA,may be present and often carry _________ genes

A

Small

Circular

Extra

antibiotic resistance

57
Q

PLASMIDS
-(Small or large?) extrachromosomal DNA circles.

A

Small

58
Q

Plasmids replicate dependently of the chromosome

T/F

A

F

Plasmids replicate independently of the chromosome

59
Q

Plasmids
They carry genes that are essential for cell survival
T/F

A

F

Not essential

60
Q

Plasmids carry genes that may give some advantage to an organism e.g they can carry genes for _______ and _____

A

antibiotic resistance and toxin production.

61
Q

PILI
-(Short or long?) , ___-like appendages composed of protein subunits (___) and anchored in ______ of some bacteria (mostly gram ___).

A

Short

hair

pilins

plasma membrane

negative

62
Q

Types of PILLI

______(____) pili

___ pili (____ pili)

A

Common; somatic

F; sex

63
Q

Common (somatic) pili
_Promote ______, especially ____ cells

*F pili (sex pili)
_Promote _______
_Are encoded by a _____ (_____)

A

adherence of bacteria to host cells

mucosa

transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through conjugation

Plasmid

F factor

64
Q

Pili Help to prevent phagocytosis

T/F

A

T

65
Q

Somatic pili Are a virulence factor for _______

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

66
Q

RIBOSOMES

-Antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis at the subunits
-50s subunit – – e g _______,____,_____
-30s subunit — e g ____, ____

A

chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
macrolides

tetracyclines

aminoglycosides

67
Q

β-Lactamases are an important cause of antibiotic resistance.

T/F

A

T

68
Q

the most common site where β-lactamases are located is _____

A

Within the periplasmic space

69
Q

the _____ of a bacteria exhibits the most antigenic
variation

A

Capsule

70
Q

List 5 bacteria things that are antigenic and

____,___,____ also protects the cell from phagocytosis

A

Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids , LPS, flagella , capsule

Cell wall, LPS , pilli

71
Q

OXYGEN DEPENDENCE
-Molecular O2 forms radicals lethal to them, some are armed with enzymes that break them down. (____ and ____)
-Based on this, they may be classified into a spectrum
-_____
-_____
-_____
-_____

A

Catalase and Superoxide dismutase

Obligate aerobes
-Facultative anaerobes
-Microaerophilic
-Obligate anaerobes

72
Q

Other bases for characterizing bacteria

Colony shape or characteristics in culture
———-(α, β, non)
_________

A

Haemolytic patterns

Pigmentation

73
Q

Other bases for characterizing bacteria

Biochemical reactions to ascertain presence of metabolic activity like

_________ of lactose or glucose (______ and ______ bacilli)

Motility (e.g ________)

A

Fermentation

fermentative & non-fermentative

Hanging drop

74
Q

Identification of bacteria

1)Culture

2) Microscopy
Stains – e.g Gram stain
_____ - ____ or _____

3)Serology
________, _________, _______ etc

4)DNA based techniques e.g ___

A

Wet prep

phase contrast or dark-field microscopy

Agglutination, CFT, fluorescent antibody test

PCR

75
Q

Nocardia

Gram positive or negative?

A

Positive but,

Weakly acid fast

76
Q

CFT?

A

Compliment fixation test

77
Q

PCR?

A

Polymerase chain reaction

78
Q

Peptidoglycan aka ______ aka_____

A

Murein

Mucopeptide

79
Q

Lysozymes in tears can lyse the ______ in bacteria

A

glycan chains

80
Q

_________: only in gram+. Cell membrane +nucleic material

_______: only in gram-. Outer membrane + inner + nucleuc material

A

Protoplast

Spheroplast

81
Q

B-lactams include ______, _______

A

penicillin

cephalosporins

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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