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House Microbiology > Immunoprophylaxis & Immunotherapy > Flashcards

Immunoprophylaxis & Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Vaccines

Vaccines induce protection against infections by stimulating the development of ______, (short or long?) -lived effector cells, and ____ cells.

A

Antibodies

Long; memory

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2
Q

What characteristics would an ideal vaccine possess?

__________
______
_________ immunity with ____ administration

______/____side effects in all populations

prevents _____ state

does not complicate diagnostic tests

A

Stable
Cheap

Effective - lifelong; one

safe/no; carrier

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3
Q

Types of vaccines

Whole organism vaccines
_________
____________
_________

Purified macromolecules
_________
____________
_______
___________
______________

A

Killed or inactivated
Live attenuated
live heterologous species

Toxoid
Polysaccharides
Subvirion
Recombinant
Naked DNA

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4
Q

Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
Strategy: pathogen causing a disease is isolated, grown in pure culture, killed or inactivated by physical or chemical means, then injected to induce an immune response against that pathogen.
Examples:
Pertussis (old whole cell vaccine)
Rabies
Hepatitis A
i.m. poliovirus (a.k.a IPV)
influenza
plague
cholera
paratyphoid fever
i

A
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5
Q

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

Strategy: pathogen causing a disease is _________, __________, _______ or _______ by physical or chemical means, then _______ to induce an immune response against that pathogen.

A

isolated, grown in pure culture, killed or inactivated

injected

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6
Q

Pertussis (old whole cell vaccine)

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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7
Q

Rabies

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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8
Q

Hepatitis A

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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9
Q

i.m. poliovirus (a.k.a IPV)

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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10
Q

influenza

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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11
Q

Plague

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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12
Q

cholera

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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13
Q

paratyphoid fever

Type of vaccine ?

A

Killed/Inactivated vaccines

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14
Q

Why Can’t we use Killed/Inactivated Vaccines Against all Pathogens?

A

Dead pathogens are not processed by the immune system like the living pathogen
Immune responses that develop may not be protective – dead pathogens usually elicit different types of responses than live ones…

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15
Q

Characteristics of Killed Whole Organism Vaccine

DISADVANTAGES:
Killed vaccines are _______

induce only ______ immune responses

do not account for _________

A

weakly immunogenic

humoral

variety of mutations microbes undergo

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16
Q

Characteristics of Killed Whole Organism Vaccine

ADVANTAGES:
Killed vaccines are _______

———— responses may be sufficient
Safe to administer to __________ and _______

A

stable

Antibody
immune compromised and pregnant women

17
Q

Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines

Strategy: Pathogen is identified and ______________ that causes them to _________ (disease-producing ability) but retain the ability to _____________

A

grown in culture in a way

lose their virulence

undergo limited replication within the host.

18
Q

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)

Type of vaccine?

A

live attenuated vaccines

19
Q

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)

Type Of vaccine ?

A

live attenuated vaccines

20
Q

Varicella zoster virus (VZV, chickenpox)

Type of vaccine

A

live attenuated vaccines

21
Q

Rotavirus vaccine

Type of vaccine

A

live attenuated vaccines

22
Q

BCG vaccine (for tuberculosis)

Type of vaccine ?

A

live attenuated vaccines

23
Q

Yellow fever

Type of vaccine

A

live attenuated vaccines

24
Q

Characteristics of Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines

ADVANTAGES:

processed by the immune system like the actual infection (_______ and _______ pathways)

elicit _____________ responses similar to ___________________

A

MHC-II and MHC-I were

sustained_ immune

That of the actual infection

25
Q

Characteristics of Live Attenuated Whole Organism Vaccines

DISADVANTAGES:
not very ______ – may require “_________”

may revert from ______________ – particularly in the __________________

A

stable; cold chain

a virulent form to virulence

immune compromised

26
Q

Characteristic: live attenuated. Inactivated

Boosters

stability

reversion to virulent form

immunity

administered to compromised person

A

few or not needed; multiple

Less stable; more stable

Possible; no

endogenously and exogenously processed Ab & CMI; Exogenously processed , mostly Ab

Generally, no; YES

27
Q

Encouraging immune response

________ therapy –

_______ cells – l

A

Cancer

Tumor

28
Q

Encouraging immune response

Cancer therapy – _________(_____) × ________

Tumor cells – lower expression of ______, production of ____,______,_____ , frequent mutations

A

nonspecific (IL-2, IFNa)

specific

MHC I,

IL-10, TGFβ, VEGF

29
Q

Suppressing immune response

__________ drugs – e.g. Cyclosporin, tacrolimus, corticosteroids, etc.

________

_________ cells

__________ T cells

A

immunosuppresive

Antibodies

Dendritic

Regulatory

30
Q

Immunotherapy

_________ immune response
_________ immune response

A

Suppress

Encourage

31
Q

Vaccine-Preventable Diseases - still a major health problem

Negative attitudes concerning _____ and ______ of vaccines

Fear of _____

Physician attitudes

uncertainty about ________
concern about ______
inadequate _____________

uncertainty about safety and efficacy

A

safety and efficacy

side effects

recommendations

liability

reimbursement

32
Q

Contraindications

Contraindications - depending on the vaccine:

___________
infection/disease or febrile
severe _______

——————-

illnesses
recent immune globulin administration

A

immunocompromised

asthma, allergies

pregnancy

33
Q

Vaccination Considerations

Population considerations

Global elimination - _____,_____,____

Control in a population - _________

A

smallpox, polio, measles (??)

Haemophilus influenzae

34
Q

Population considerations

Target groups
Age - infants and children, adults, elderly
Immunocompromised individuals

Occupational or lifestyle risks - military, veterinarians, lab workers, daycare providers, IVDU, travelers, etc.

Special at-risk populations - prison inmates, travelers

A

Yeahhhhhh right?

35
Q

New Generation of Vaccines

Recombinant DNA technology is being used to produce a new generation of vaccines
Virulence genes are _____ and organism is ________________

Live nonpathogenic strains can carry ____________ from pathogenic strains

If the agent cannot be maintained in culture, ________________ can be cloned and expressed in an alternative host e.g. E. coli.

A

deleted; still able to stimulate an immune response

antigenic determinants

genes of proteins for antigenic determinants

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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