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House Microbiology > Medical Entomology > Flashcards

Medical Entomology Flashcards

1
Q

Medical entomology
– science that deals with _____ of medical importance

A

arthropods

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2
Q

Mosquitoes
their bites can produce ______, and the bites of some species are ____ to certain individuals.

A

itchy welts

painful

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3
Q

“Quality of life” can be reduced in areas with high numbers of biting mosquitoes

T/F

A

T

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4
Q

Mosquitoes

Depending on the species, mosquitoes are vectors of
the _____ that cause malaria,
the _______ that cause filariasis,
and a large number of ____viruses

A

protozoa

nematode worms

arbo

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5
Q

Mosquitoes

There are an estimated ____ species of mosquitoes in the world

A

3,200

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6
Q

____ mosquitoes that transmit West Nile Virus.

It also includes nuisance species such as some _____,______,_______ mosquitoes that are aggressive bloodsuckers, but are not known to be vectors of West Nile Virus

A

Culex

Aedes, Ochlerotatus, and Psorophora

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7
Q

Mosquito as effective vector

Vector competence” refers to the ability of a mosquito to _____________________________

A

acquire an arbovirus from a reservoir host and later transmit the arbovirus to a susceptible host during the act of taking another blood meal.

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8
Q

Mosquitoe’s vector competence is dependent on the mosquito being a ____________________________________________

A

suitable host in which the arbovirus survives, undergoes essential development, multiples, and eventually reaches and infects the salivary glands.

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9
Q

Mosquito as effective vector

Vector capacity is determined by a number of factors such as ____________________________________________

Physiological factors also are important, including ____________ by specific arboviruses.

A

vector competence, and mosquito population density, host preferences, and biting rates.

mosquito immunity to infection

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10
Q

Mosquitoes may be competent, but are not effective vectors if they have _________

A

low vector capacity

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11
Q

Life cycle of mosquitoes?

A

Eggs
First larval
Second larval
Third larval
Fourth larval
Pupa
Adult

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12
Q

Which stages of the mosquitoe life cycle survives in aquatic environment?

A

Larval and pupa

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13
Q

Mosquito control

-______ reduction
–
Adulticiding– Use of ______
-_______

A

Source

pesticide

Larviciding

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14
Q

Source reduction

Is the ________________________

A

elimination of water from places where mosquitoes lay eggs.

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15
Q

Larviciding typically involves applying pesticides containing ________ or ———— or _________, to water where mosquito larvae develop

A

methoprene or Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis or B. sphaericus bacteria

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16
Q

Larviciding

. ____fish (Carassius) and _____ fish (______) can be used for this purpose as well.

Other types of larvicides include those that ______________________ designed to ___________

A

Gold; carassius
Modquito; Gambusia

cover the surface of the water with thin films of liquid

prevent larvae from obtaining oxygen at the water’s surface.

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17
Q

Preventing mosquito bite

Mosquito Repellents
Repellent products containing ____,______, oil of ________ are recommended by the _____________ (CDC)

The CDC also recommends treating clothing with ________ which acts both as a ______ and an ______.

A

DEET, picaridin

lemon eucalyptus

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

permethrin; repellent; insecticide

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18
Q

compounds such as _____,_______, and ______ are purported to be repellents, but research does not support this

A

citronella, garlic, and vitamin B

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19
Q

Preventing mosquito bite

_________ clothing
________ treated mosquito nets

A

Protective

Insecticide

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20
Q

In anopheles

Palpus is longer than proboscis

T/F

A

F

Equal length

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21
Q

Mention one specie of anopheles

A

Anopheles gambiae

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22
Q

Mention two specie of aedes

A

Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus

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23
Q

Mosquito borne diseases
•– Malaria parasite = _____ spp

•– __flies use mosquitoes as intermediate vectors

Helminthiasis
•–______ by different species of mosquito-
(Culex , Anopheles, Aedes , ______ mosquito)

A

anopheles

Bot

Filarial worms

Mansonia

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24
Q

Myiasis is the infection of a _____(____) in human tissue.

A

fly larva (maggot)

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25
Q

Mosquito borne diseases

Virus
Arboviruses like ____ fever, ____ fever, ____ fever and ______ are transmitted mostly by _______ mosquitoes.

___________(EEE) and ________(WEE) by __________

A

yellow; dengue; Zika ; chikungunya

Aedes aegypti

Eastern equine encephalitis; Western equine encephalitis

culex and Aedes

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26
Q

Lice

are (small or large?) (winged or wingless?) insects that feed on ______ or ________

A

Small
Wingless
Dead skin
Blood of hosts

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27
Q

Lice move by ______; they cannot _____ or ____

A

crawling

hop or fly

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28
Q

LICE

Phylum ______
Class _____
Order ______ ( ____lice) or Order _____ (______ lice)

A

Arthopoda

Insecta

Phthiraptera; sucking

Mallophaga; chewing

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29
Q

Chewing lice feed on mammals (except _______) and _____

A

humans

birds

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30
Q

Behaviour and Habitat

Sucking lice are found on _____ and mainly thrive by _______

Modes of Transmission: ______ and through ______ (clothes, combs and other beddings).

A

humans

sucking blood.

person to person

formites

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31
Q

Human lice

can be found on people’s ______ and _____, including the _____ area

survive by feeding on _______

A

heads, and bodies
Pubic

human blood.

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32
Q

Lice found on each area of the body are different from each other.
The three types of lice that live on humans are:
head lice (___________)
body lice (___________)
pubic lice (________, pubic lice)

A

Pediculus humanus capitis

Pediculus humanus corporis

Phthrus pubis

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33
Q

Life cycle of lice

consists of ____ stages
List them

A

three

nit; nymph ; Adult

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34
Q

LICE

The duration from egg to egg stage about ______

A

one month

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35
Q

Life cycle of a lice??

A

Eggs
First laval
Second laval
Third laval
Adult

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36
Q

Which stages of the life cycle of lice is diagnostic and which stage is infective

A

Eggs, First laval, Second laval, Third laval
= diagnostic

Adult= infective

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37
Q

Pediculus humanus capitis

Adult head lice are _________ in length.

Head lice infest the head and neck and attach their eggs to the ____________

Females can lay up to ____ per day.

A

2.1–3.3 mm

base of the hair shaft.

8 nits

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38
Q

Pubic lice = _____

A

Crab louse

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39
Q

Adult head lice

Which is larger, female or male

A

Female

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40
Q

Adult lice can live up to _____ on a person’s head.

A

30 days

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41
Q

To live, adult head lice need to feed on blood several times daily.

T/F

A

T

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42
Q

Without blood meals, the head louse will die within ________ off the host

A

1 to 2 days

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43
Q

Pediculus humanus corporis

Adult body lice are _____ mm in length.

Body lice live and lay eggs on ______ and only move to the ____ to feed spread most commonly by close person-to- person contact but are generally limited to persons who live under conditions of ________ and _______ (for example, the homeless, refugees, etc.).

A

2.3–3.6

clothing

skin

crowding and poor hygiene

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44
Q

Phthrus pubis

Adult pubic lice are ________ mm in length.

Pubic lice typically are found attached to ____ in the ____ area but sometimes are found on coarse hair elsewhere on the body (for example, _______,________,_____,_______ etc.

A

1.1–1.8

hair; pubic

eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, mustache, chest, armpits,

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45
Q

Phthrus pubis

Females will lay approximately ____ eggs during their _______ life span.

Eggs hatch after about a ___ and become _______, which look like (smaller or larger?) versions of the adults.

A

30; 3–4 week

week; nymphs

Smaller

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46
Q

Phthrus pubis

The nymphs undergo ______ molts before becoming adults.

Adults are _______ mm long and flattened.

A

three

1.5–2.0

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47
Q

Which is the widest

Head, body, or pubic lice

A

Pubic lice are much broader in comparison to head and body lice.

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48
Q

Pubic lice are transmitted from person to person most-commonly via _______, although ______ (bedding, clothing) may play a minor role in their transmission.

A

sexual contact

fomites

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49
Q

The majority of head lice infestations are (symptomatic or asymptomatic?)

A

asymptomatic

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50
Q

lice

When symptoms are noted they may include

a ____ feeling of something moving in the hair
______, caused by an allergic reaction to louse _____,

_______

A

tickling

itching; saliva

Irritability

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51
Q

lice infestation

Secondary ________ may be a complication.

Body lice can serve as vectors for ___________(epidemic ____), _________ (________), and __________ ( ____________ fever).

A

bacterial infection

Rickettsia prowazekii ; typhus

Bartonella quintana; trench fever

Borrelia recurrentis; louse-borne relapsing

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52
Q

Treatment of lice

_________ or ________

________

A

permethrin or pyrethrin

Ivermectin

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53
Q

Control of lice

Check all close contacts and treat

Wash clothes with ___ water or wash machine and dry using the ___ water and ___ air cycles because lice and eggs are killed by exposure for _______ to temperatures greater than ____°C (128.3°F).

A

hot; hot; hot; 5 minutes

53.5

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54
Q

TICKS

Ticks are small _____ that are also ____parasites that feed on _____ of mammals, birds and some on reptiles and amphibians.

A

arachnids; ecto ; blood

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55
Q

Ticks belong to the

Phylum _____
Class _____
Order ______.

There are over ____ species of ticks throughout the world, but only two families of ticks, ____ (hard ticks) and _____ (soft ticks), are known to transmit diseases or illness to humans.

A

Arthopoda

Arachnida

Acari

800

Ixodidae; Argasidae

56
Q

Hard ticks have a ____, or ———, on their back while soft ticks do not.

A

scutum

hard plate

57
Q

The life cycle of ticks consists of ____ stages:

Mention them

A

four

egg
larva (6 legs)
nymph (8 legs)
Adult (8 legs)

58
Q

TICKS

It feeds on ____ different hosts during their life cycle which lasts for _____ and most will die because they don’t find a host for their next feeding

A

three

2 -3years

59
Q

Life cycle of lice lasts ___ long
Life cycle of ticks lasts _____ long

A

One month
2-3 years

60
Q

Ticks are commonly found near _____ and ____ and _____. They attach to a host’s body by inserting its _____ and ______ into the skin of the host (mainly dogs and cats).

A

trees and shrubs and water

mandibles
Feeding tube

61
Q

Risk of greatest infection to human occurs in late ____ and _____

A

Late spring and summer

62
Q

Egg- _____
Larva- _____
Nymph-_____
Adult-_____

A

Spring
Summer
Spring
Fall

63
Q

The causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is??

A

Rickettsia rickettsi

64
Q

From which stage of the tick life cycle can they infect humans

A

From nymph

65
Q

Feeding and disease transmission of tick

Depending on the tick species and its stage of life, preparing to feed can take from ____ to _____.

When the tick finds a feeding spot, it _____ the skin and _________

The tick then __________

Many species also secrete a _______ substance that keeps them firmly attached during the meal.

A

10 minutes to 2 hours

grasps; cuts into the surface.

inserts its feeding tube.

cement-like

66
Q

The feeding tube can have _____ which help keep the tick in place.

A

barbs

67
Q

Ticks also can secrete small amounts of saliva with _______ properties so that _____________.

A

anesthetic

the animal or person can’t feel that the tick has attached itself

68
Q

A tick will suck the blood (rapidly or slowly?) for _____.

A

Slowly

Several days

69
Q

If the host animal has a blood borne infection, the tick will ____________.

Small amounts of _____ from the tick may also enter the skin of the host animal during the feeding process. If the tick contains a pathogen, ______________

After feeding, most ticks will ——- and prepare for the next life stage. At its next feeding, it can then ___________

A

ingest the pathogens with the blood

saliva

the organism may be transmitted to the host animal in this way.

drop off ; transmit an acquired disease to the new host

70
Q

dog tick (_________ ________)

Transmits: _________ and ______

Comments: The highest risk of being bitten occurs during _____ and _____

A

Dermacentor variabilis

Tularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

spring and summer.

71
Q

Dog ticks are sometimes called ——- ticks.

A

wood

72
Q

Dog tick

________ are most likely to bite humans.

A

Adult females

73
Q

Blacklegged tick (_____ _____)

Transmits: ________________________.
Comments: The greatest risk of being bitten exists in the ___,____,______. However, adults may be out searching for a host any time winter temperatures are above freezing. Stages most likely to bite humans are _________________

A

Ixodes scapularis

Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis , babesiosis, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Powassan disease

spring, summer, and fall

nymphs and adult females.

74
Q

Brown dog tick (_____ ______)

Transmits: _____________

Comments: _____ are the primary host for the brown dog tick in each of its life stages, but the tick may also bite humans or other mammals.

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Dogs

75
Q

Gulf Coast tick (________ _______)

Transmits: ______ ______ _____, a form of spotted fever.
Comments:________ feed on birds and small rodents, while ____ ticks feed on deer and other wildlife. Adult ticks have been associated with transmission of R. parkeri to humans.

A

Amblyomma maculatum

Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis

Larvae and nymphs

adult

76
Q

Lone star tick ( _______ _______)

Transmits: _______ and ________ (which cause human ehrlichiosis), _____ virus, ____, and ______

A

Amblyomma americanum

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii

Heartland; tularemia; southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI).

77
Q

Lone star tick is a very aggressive tick that bites humans.

T/F

A

T

78
Q

Lone star tick

The adult female is distinguished by a ___________.

A

white dot or “lone star” on her back

79
Q

Lone star tick saliva can be ______ leading to ______ and ______ but that
does not necessarily indicate an infection.

The ____________ most frequently bite humans and transmit disease.

A

irritating

redness and discomfort

nymph and adult females

80
Q

Rocky Mountain wood tick (______________)

Transmits: __________ fever, _______ fever, and _______.
Comments: Adult ticks feed primarily on large mammals. Larvae and nymphs feed on small rodents. _____ ticks are primarily associated with pathogen transmission to humans.

A

Dermacentor andersoni

Rocky Mountain spotted

Colorado tick ; tularemia

Adult

81
Q

Western blacklegged tick (______ _____)

Transmits: ______ and _____ disease.
Comments: Nymphs often feed on lizards, as well as other small animals. As a result, rates of infection are usually low (~1%) in adults. Stages most likely to bite humans are _______ females.

A

Ixodes pacificus

Anaplasmosis and Lyme

nymphs and adult

82
Q

Soft ticks(________)

Ticks that are vectors of ————- fever.

A

Aragasidae

tick-borne relapsing

83
Q

Argasid ticks Unlike the ixodid (hard) ticks, which stay attached to their hosts for up to ______ while feeding, most argasid ticks are adapted to _______ (for about an ____), then dropping off the host.

A

several days

feeding rapidly ; hour

84
Q

Prevention of tick bites

Avoid _______ areas with high grass and leaf litter.
Walk in the _____ of trails.
Use repellent that contains ___ percent or more _____, ____, or IR3535 on exposed skin for protection that lasts several hour
Use products that contain _____ on clothing.
Treat clothing and gear, such as boots, pants, socks and tents with products containing ___% _______. It remains protective through several washings. Pre-treated clothing may be protective longer.

A

wooded and brushy; center

20 ; DEET; picaridin

permethrin

0.5; permethrin

85
Q

How to remove a tick

Use _______ to grasp the tick as (far from or close to?) the skin’s surface as possible.
Pull ___ward with steady, even pressure. Don’t _______ the tick; this can cause ___________ , If this happens, remove them with ____. If you are unable to remove the mouth easily with clean tweezers, leave it alone and let the skin heal.

A

fine-tipped tweezers
Close to

up; twist or jerk

the mouth- parts to break off and remain in the skin.

tweezers

86
Q

How to remove a tick

After removing the tick, thoroughly ____ the bite area and your hands with _____ rub, an _____ scrub, or ________

A

clean

alcohol; iodine; soap and water

87
Q

Dispose of a live tick by _______________,__________,_______ or __________

Never ___________

A

submersing it in alcohol, placing it in a sealed bag/container, wrapping it tightly in tape, or flushing it down the toilet

crush a tick with your fingers

88
Q

Fleas are (small or large?) , (winged or wingless?) bloodsucking insects with a characteristic _______ movement.

order __________

feed mainly on ——- but also on _____.

A

Small; wingless

jumping

Siphonaptera

mammals; birds

89
Q

Fleas

The most important species are the _____,______,_ and _______

Their bites can cause ______, serious _______ and ________

A

rat flea, the human flea and the cat flea

irritation; discomfort

loss of blood.

90
Q

Life cycle of fleas?

A

Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult

91
Q

Fleas move towards light

T/F

A

F

Fleas avoid light and are mostly found among the hairs or feathers of animals or in beds and in people’s clothing.

92
Q

Heavy infestations with fleas are recognized by marks on ______ and bedding of _______ ejected by the fleas.

A

clothing

undigested blood

93
Q

Most flea species feed on one or two host species, but in the absence of their normal host(______) they feed on humans or other animals.

A

Dogs

94
Q

Adult fleas can survive _______ without food.

A

several months

95
Q

Fleas move around by ______

some species can go as far as _______

A

Jumping

30cm

96
Q

Diseases transmitted by fleas

The rat flea is important as a vector of _________ and ________

Cat fleas incidentally transmit _______.

A

bubonic plague; flea-borne typhus.

tapeworms

97
Q

Dog and cat fleas transmit ______ caused by the ________________; and _________

A

tularaemia

bacillus Francisella tularensis

parasitic tapeworms

98
Q

Flea control

Individual self-protection

An effective repellent, such as _____, applied to skin and clothing

A

DEET

99
Q

Flea control

Heavy infestations can be controlled by spraying or dusting ______ into cracks and crevices, corners of rooms and areas where fleas and their larvae are likely to occur.
Insecticides can also be applied to clothing and the fur of animals

A

insecticides

100
Q

Sand fleas or jigger fleas

The sand flea, ____ or jigger flea is unique among the fleas, it is a nuisance because the (males or females?) _________.
Specifically into the _______

A

chigoe

Females

burrow into the skin

Stratum granulosum

101
Q

Diseases transmitted by jigger fleas

A

The sand flea, or jigger flea is not known to transmit disease to humans

102
Q

Treatment of the aftermath of jigger fleas?

A

Skillfully remove the jigger and avoid rupturing of the egg sac
Dress the wound

103
Q

MITES

Mites are tiny arthropods, related to ______.

A

ticks

104
Q

The tropical ___ mite, ______________ , is one of the most common house invading species.

The tropical fowl mite, _________

northern fowl mite, ________, are also frequently encountered in homes.

A

rat; Ornithonyssus bacoti

Ornithonyssus bursa

Ornithonyssus sylviarum

105
Q

The house mouse mite, ________________, may also be found in structures with house mouse infestations.

A

Liponyssoides sanguineus

106
Q

Although none of these mite species are truly parasitic on _____, they ____ people readily, often producing ______ and ______

A

humans

bite

dermatitis and itching.

107
Q

House dust mites

The house dust mite allergen is one of the most potent triggers of allergic reactions; it is a common trigger for _____,______, and ______
The main genus is identified as:
_____________

A

rhinitis, asthma and eczema

Dermatophagoides

108
Q

Mention one non-biting mite

A

Clover mite(nonbiting)

109
Q

Dust mites drown in water.

T/F

A

T

110
Q

Bed bugs

parasitic insects of the ______ family that feed exclusively on blood.

A

cimicid
Blood

111
Q

Two species of bedbug feed on humans: the ____ bedbug (____________), which occurs in most parts of the world, and the ______ bedbug (___________), which occurs mainly in tropical countries.

A

Common; Cimex lectularius

Tropical; Cimex hemipterus

112
Q

Cimex ____, the common bed bug, is the best known as it prefers to ______

A

lectularius

feed on human blood

113
Q

Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius)

Live in (cold or warm?) houses especially near or inside _____ and bedding or other sleep areas mainly active at ( day or night?) , but can bite during the ____ usually feed on their hosts without being noticed.

A

Warm; beds

Night
Day

114
Q

A number of adverse health effects may results from bed bug bites, including _______, ________ effects, and ______ symptoms.

A

skin rashes

psychological; allergic

115
Q

Bed bugs transmits _____ pathogens

A

no known

116
Q

Bed bugs are regarded as disease vectors

T/F

A

F

They are not

117
Q

Life cycle go bed bugs have ______ nymph life stages and a final sexually mature adult stage

A

five immature

118
Q

Light bed bug infestations can be treated by ________ infested articles, pouring ______ water over them and exposing them to ____.
Aerosol spray cans can be used to spray household ______ on to mattresses, in crevices in walls, and in other possible hiding places
Long lasting insecticide treated bed net Indoor residual spray/ fumigation

A

thoroughly cleaning

boiling

Sunlight ; insecticides

119
Q

scabies mite causes ____ which is _______ due to an _______ to the female mite’s trail of ____,_____, and _____

A

scabies; itchy skin rash

allergic reaction

debris, faeces and saliva.

120
Q

Its most severe form(———- or ______ scabies) is highly transmissible in the _______ environment.

A

Crusted or Norwegian

hospital

121
Q

Scabies transmission occurs when there is transfer of a fertilized female mite by (direct or indirect?) , prolonged (approximately ________) _______ contact with an infested person.

A

Direct

five minutes; skin-to-skin

122
Q

Scabies Infection is easily spread to sexual partners and household members.

T/F

A

T

123
Q

Transfer of scabies mite can also result from sharing clothing, towels and bedding as the mite can live for up to ________ away from the human body.

A

two to three days

124
Q

Scabies completes its entire life cycle on its ______ hosts and, After mating the ___ dies , _____ burrow ________ to lay eggs (__/day)

larvae emerge and mature to reinfest the same or new hosts.

A

male; females; intradermally

2-3

125
Q

Scabies

The entire incubation period from eggs to full-grown mites lasts ______ days.

The human incubation period from initial infestation to symptom development is _________ in initial infestations and as short as ________ in reinfestations as a result of sensitization to mite antigens.

A

14 to 15

3 to 6 weeks

1 to 3 days

126
Q

Clinical features of scabies

intense itch, worse at ____ and after a (cold or hot?) shower/bath

______________ are usually seen on the wrists, interdigital spaces of fingers and toes, popliteal fosa flexor surfaces of wrists ,the axillae, genitalia, buttocks

Nonspecific secondary lesions occur commonly as the result of ______ and ______

A

night; hot

Rashes and burrows

scratching and secondary infection.

127
Q

Myiasis is an ___parasitic infestation of _______ or ______ tissues larvae of _____

A

Ecto

viable or necrotic

higher flies.

128
Q

________ myiasis is the most common clinical manifestation of myiasis and occurs when _________________, causing _______ lesions that resemble ____ or ____

A

Furuncular

one or more fly larvae penetrate the skin

pustular; boils; furuncles

129
Q

dog tick (_________)

Blacklegged tick (______)

A

Dermacentor variabilis

Ixodes scapularis

130
Q

Common bed bug(___________)

Tropical bed bug (_________)

Scabies mite (___________)

A

cimex lectularis

cimex Hemipterus

sarcoptes scabiei

131
Q

Tropical rat mite (___________)

Tropical fowl mite (_____________)

Northern fowl mite (___________)

A

Ornithonyssus bacoti

Ornithonyssus bursa

Ornithonyssus sylviarum

132
Q

Brown dog tick (_______________)

Gulf Coast tick (_____________)

Lone star tick (___________)

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Amblyomma maculatum

Amblyomma americanum

133
Q

Rocky Mountain wood tick (__________)

Western blacklegged tick (________)

A

Dermacentor andersoni

Ixodes pacificus

134
Q

Fleas (_________)

rat flea (___________)

A cat flea (__________)

A

Ctenocephalides

Xenopsylla species

Ctenocephalides felis felis

135
Q

Human fleas (___________)

Sand flea/jigger fleas (___________)

A

Pulex irritans

Tunga penetrans

136
Q

House mouse mite(_____________)

A

Liponyssoides sanguineus

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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