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House Microbiology > Aetiology Of Tumor > Flashcards

Aetiology Of Tumor Flashcards

1
Q

some viruses can lead to cancer

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

if you’re infected with a virus that’s linked to cancer, you’ll get the disease for sure.

T/F

A

F

it doesn’t mean you’ll get the disease for sure.

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3
Q

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
HBV and HCV can cause a ____ infection that can sometimes lead to ______.

You pick up these viruses if you share ________, have ______, or get a _____ with contaminated blood.

A

liver; liver cancer

needles used to inject drugs

unprotected sex; transfusion

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4
Q

Doctors treat HBV and HCV infections with medicine.

T/F

A

T

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5
Q

You can often get rid of HCV after a few months of treatment.

T/F

A

T

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6
Q

Medication cures HBV

T/F

A

F

doesn’t

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7
Q

In HBV, Medication can lower the chance of liver damage and liver cancer.

T/F

A

T

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8
Q

Between HBV and HCV, which has a vaccine, Which has a cure

A

There’s a vaccine to prevent HBV, but not HCV.

There’s a cure for hcv and not hbv

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9
Q

Those with higher chances of getting HBV should get _____.

That includes people who have ____, inject _______, or are ________ workers.

A

vaccinated

HIV; illicit drugs

health care

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10
Q

____________________________ (KSHV)

A

Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

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11
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)

KSHV is a herpes virus that can cause Kaposi sarcoma, a cancer of the _______, as well as two types of ______.

You’re more likely to get cancer from KSHV if you have a _____________

A

blood vessels

lymphoma

weakened immune system

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12
Q

KSHV

The virus can be spread during sex, so you can avoid catching it if you _______ and limit how many sexual partners you have. It may also be spread through ______ and _______

A

use condoms

blood and saliva.

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13
Q

___________________ virus (MCV)

A

Merkel Cell Polyoma

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14
Q

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV)

MCV is a common virus that infects the _______.

A

the skin

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15
Q

MCV usually cause symptoms or lead to cancer.

A

F

It doesn’t

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16
Q

in some people, MCV causes a rare ____ cancer called _____________.

A

skin

Merkel cell carcinoma

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17
Q

To help prevent Merkel cell carcinoma and other skin cancers, one important thing to do is use ______ with ________________ when you go outside.

A

sunscreen

an SPF of at least 30

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18
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV is a group of more than _____ viruses, and at least ____ of them can cause cancer.

HPV can spreadduring _______ or _______ intercourse and _____ sex.

A

200; a dozen

vaginal or anal ; oral

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19
Q

HPV often goes away on its own and doesn’t cause any health problems.

T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Some people stay infected, though. If they have the HPV that causes cancer, it can lead to cancers of the __________________________________________.

A

cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, tonsils, or tongue

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21
Q

HPV vaccines can keep you from getting infected with the virus. Health officials recommend them for everyone from ages ___-___ if they have not been vaccinated previously.

There is a vaccine approved by the FDA for age ___-___ but you should discuss with your doctor if this vaccine is appropriate for you

A

9 to 26

27-45

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22
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1, or HIV)
HIV spreads through _______ and _____.

A

unprotected sex and infected needles

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23
Q

An unborn baby can also catch HIV during pregnancy

T/F

A

T

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24
Q

a mother with HIV can’t spread it to a baby if they breastfeed.

T/F

A

F

She can

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25
Q

People with HIV have a weakened immune system and have a greater chance of getting cancers such as:
_______
________
______ cancer

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Cervical

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26
Q

You can also use HIV prevention medicines such as ___________ and ________

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

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27
Q

Is there a cure for HIV

Is there a treatment for HIV

A

No

Yes

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28
Q

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)
HTLV-1 infects ___ cells, which are a type of white blood cell. It can cause _____ and ________

A

T; leukemia and lymphoma.

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29
Q

HTLV-1 spreads several ways, including:
From mother to child during _______________________
Sharing _________________
 ________
Sex without _______

A

birth or through breastfeeding

needles with infected people

Organ transplant

condoms

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30
Q

About __% to __% of people who have the virus(HTLV-1) get adult _______ or other health conditions.

A

2 ; 5

T-cell leukemia

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31
Q

In HTLV-1 infection , It’s clear why some people get leukemia and others don’t.

T/F

A

F

It’s not

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32
Q

HTLV-1

Symptoms and how it develops are the same for everyone

T/F

A

F

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33
Q

There is a cure or treatment for HTLV-1.

A

F

There isn’t a cure or treatment for HTLV-1. It’s a lifelong condition.

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34
Q

regular checkups in a HTLV-1 patient can lower their chances of cancer.

T/F

A

T

35
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Most of the time, people with EBV stay healthy and don’t have symptoms.

T/F

A

T

36
Q

EBV is not a common virus.

T/F

A

F

37
Q

For some, EBV can cause _____ and other more serious conditions, from _______ to _______

A

mononucleosis

viral meningitis to pneumonia.

38
Q

Several cancers are linked with EBV as well:
______________
________ carcinoma
 ————— and ______ lymphoma
__-cell lymphomas
_______________ disorder
___________

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal

Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s

T

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative

Leiomyosarcoma

39
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (cancer of the _________)

A

upper throat

40
Q

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative (too many _________)

A

White blood cells

41
Q

Leiomyosarcoma is cancer in ________

A

The soft tissue

42
Q

You can help protect yourself from EBV by not kissing or sharing drinks, food, or personal items with someone who has the virus.

T/F

A

T

43
Q

There’s some specific treatment if you have EBV

T/F

A

F

There’s no specific treatment if you have EBV, but you can ease symptoms if you drink plenty of fluids, get rest, and take medicines for pain and fever.

44
Q

HTLV1 differs from the standard ‘chronically oncogenic’ and ‘acutely oncogenic’ retroviruses in its mechanism of action;
it appears to drive cell growth through expression of a particular viral protein, ____ , in _________ cells

A

Tax

latently-infected

45
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called ——————-

A

Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4)

46
Q

EBV

On infecting the __-lymphocyte, the linear virus genome _____ and the virus subsequently persists within the cell as an _______.

A

B; circularises; episome

47
Q

EBV

The virus can execute several distinct programmes of virally-encoded gene expression broadly categorised as being ___ cycle or ____ cycle.

A

lytic; latent

48
Q

The lytic cycle or ______ infection results in staged expression of a host of viral proteins with the ultimate objective of producing infectious virions. Formally, this phase of infection does not inevitably lead to ____ of the host cell as EBV virions are produced by ______ from the infected cell.

The latent cycle programmes are those that ________________

A

productive

lysis; budding

do not result in production of virions.

49
Q

__________ , emerged as one of the first illnesses observed among those with AIDS.

A

AIDS-related KS

50
Q

Unlike classic KS, AIDS-related KS tumours generally appear on the ______, including the ____,____,and ______.

The tumours also can appear on the _____ and ______ areas of the mouth, and in more advanced cases, they can be found in the ______ and ______, the ______ and the ———-

A

upper body; head, neck, and back

soft palate and gum

stomach and intestines

lymph nodes, and the lungs.

51
Q

The HBV genome has four genes: ____,_____,______, and ——— that respectively encode the viral ______,______,________, and ______

A

pol, env, pre-core and X

DNA-polymerase, envelope protein, pre-core protein (which is processed to viral capsid) and protein X.

52
Q

The function of protein X in HBV genome is ???

A

Actually not clear but it may be involved in the activation of host cell genes and the development of cancer.

53
Q

HBV

The chances of becoming chronically infected depends upon _____.

A

age

54
Q

HBV

About 90% of infected _____ and 50% of infected _______ will become chronically infected.
In contrast, only about 5% to 10% of ___________________ infected with HBV develop chronic hepatitis B.

A

neonates

young children

immunocompetent adults

55
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

is one of the major cancer killers.

T/F

A

T

56
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma
It affects patients with _______ disease who have established _______ ,and currently is the most frequent cause of death in these patients.
The main risk factors for its development are ______ and ———- virus infection, ____ and _____toxin intake.

A

chronic liver

cirrhosis

hepatitis B and C ; alcoholism

afla

57
Q

Most viruses that causes cancer are (DNA or RNA?) viruses except _____ and _______

A

DNA

Flaviviridae
Retrovirus

58
Q

Cancer caused by the following

Epstein Barr
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HTLV-1
Human papilloma virus
JC virus
Human herpes virus 8

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, B cell lymphoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Adult T-cell leukemia

Cervical, anal, oro pharyngeal, penile

Merkel cell carcinoma

Kaposi sarcoma

59
Q

Tumor viruses rarely establish persistent infections

T/F

A

F

They frequently do

60
Q

Viruses are seldom carcinogenic on their own

T/F

A

T

61
Q

Short periods (days) are usually required for viral carcinogenesis

T/F

A

F

Prolonged periods (years)

62
Q

Viral strains may be different in their capacity to cause cancers Cancer

T/F

A

T

63
Q

Viral markers are not usually present again in cancerous cells

T/F

A

F
They are usually present there

64
Q

One virus species can be associated with only one tumor type

T/F

A

F
One virus species can be associated with multiple tumor types

65
Q

Oncogenes
An oncogene is a gene that ___________________

A

has the potential to cause cancer

66
Q

Normal versions of these transformed (mutated) genes are present in ______ cells and have been designated ________________

A

normal

proto-oncogenes.

67
Q

Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate the cell growth and differentiation.

T/F

A

T

68
Q

Examples of proto oncogenes include:

_____ (______ factors),
____ (_____ factors),

A

Sis; growth

Myc; transcription

69
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes
These are (positive or negative?) regulators of cell growth

A

Negative

70
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

The inactivation or functional loss of (one or both?) alleles of such a gene is required for tumor formation.

A

Both

71
Q

Tumor suppression gene

The prototype of these genes is ________________ gene. Another example is the _____ gene.

A

retinoblastoma (Rb)

p53

72
Q

PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE

Highly tropic for the ______ cells of the _____ and ________

A

epithelial

skin and mucous membranes.

73
Q

HeLa cells are______ cancer cells from _____ (actually ______)

A

Cervical

Helen Lang

Henrietta lacks

74
Q

PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE

HPV causes cervical cancer (HPV ___ and ____), anal cancer, penile cancer, oropharyngeal cancer.

A

16 & 18

75
Q

PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE

Cause _____ (abnormal ___________)

Replicate in ______ cells and _________ of the skin and mucosa

A

warts; cellular proliferation

basal stem; keratinocytes

76
Q

PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE

Can cause diferent kinds of warts including

____ warts (1)
____ warts (3&10)
_____ warts (_____)
______________ (____)

A

Plantar

Flat

Genital; 6&11

Laryngeal papillomas; 6&11

77
Q

HPV is believed to cause cancer by ___________ into ___________

A

integrating its genome into nuclear DNA.

78
Q

Some of the early genes expressed by HPV, such as ____ and _____ , act as oncogenes that promote tumor growth and malignant transformation.

Integrated copies of DNA are found in cancer cells

A

E6 and E7

79
Q

High Risk HPV: HPV ___ and ____ carry the highest cancer risk. Others are 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52 and 56.
Low Risk HPV: HPV ___,___,___,___,___, 26, 27, 29

A

16 and 18

1, 2,3, 6, 11

80
Q

Diagnosis of HPV
•__________ alone; can be confirmed with _____

A

Physical exam ; PCR

81
Q

Treatment of HPV

____________
______ therapy
_________

A

Freezing- cryotherapy

Laser

Podophyllin

82
Q

Cervarix is for _____ and ____ HPV

A

16 and 18

83
Q

Prevention of HPV

Bivalent: types ________
Gardasil (Tetravalent); types _____________
9-valent; ____,___,___,___,___,___,__,___,____.

A

16,18

6, 11, 16, 18.

6,11,16,18,31,33,

84
Q

Girls, boys and young women and _____ usually between the ages of 9-26 should take the HPV vaccine

Also protect against genital warts and anal cancer

A

MSM

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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