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House Microbiology > Plague > Flashcards

Plague Flashcards

1
Q

Plague is caused by the bacteria ___________, a ______ bacteria usually found in _______ and _______

A

Yersinia pestis

zoonotic

small mammals and their fleas.

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2
Q

People infected with Y. pestis often develop symptoms after an incubation period of __________ days.
dagascar, and Peru.

A

one to seven

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3
Q

Plague

There are two main clinical forms of plague infection: ______ and _______

A

bubonic and pneumonic

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4
Q

_______ plague is the most common form and is characterized by _____________ or ____________

A

Bubonic

painful swollen lymph nodes or ‘buboes’.

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5
Q

Plague is transmitted between animals and humans by _______________, direct contact with _______, and ___________

A

the bite of infected fleas

infected tissues

inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.

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6
Q

Plague can be a very severe disease in people, with a case-fatality ratio of ___% to ____% for the _______ type, and is always fatal for the ______ kind when left untreated.

A

30

60

bubonic

pneumonic

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7
Q

Antibiotic treatment is effective against plague bacteria

T/F

A

T

so early diagnosis and early treatment can save lives.

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8
Q

Currently, the three most endemic countries are the ______________,________, and __________

A

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru.

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9
Q

plague was responsible for widespread pandemics with high mortality. It was known as the “________” during the ________ century, causing more than __________ deaths in Europe.

A

Black Death

fourteenth

50 million

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10
Q

Nowadays, plague is easily treated with _______ and the use of standard precautions to prevent acquiring infection.

A

antibiotics

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11
Q

The outbreaks

Plague epidemics have occurred in \——-,———-, and _____

but since the 1990s, most human cases have occurred in ______.

A

Africa, Asia, and South America

Africa

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12
Q

The outbreaks
Plague

In ________ cases of bubonic plague are reported nearly every year, during the epidemic season (between ______ and _______).

A

Madagascar

September and April

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13
Q

Symptoms of the black plague

_________ lymph nodes

____________ on the skin

(Low or High?) fever

Vomiting

Painful ________

A

Swollen

Large dark splotches

High

headaches

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14
Q

The black plague

Bubonic:

Entry: _________

Spread: _______ and _____

Disease: ———-,———,———

Exit: (mildly or highly ?) contagious

A

bite of infected rat flea

lymphatic and systematic

buboes, pneumonia, internal organ hemorrhage

Highly

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15
Q

The black plague

Pneumonic:

Entry: __________

Disease: ______, usually ____% mortality

Exit: (mildly or highly?) contagious

A

By Inhalation

pneumonia

100

highly

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16
Q

Plague Arrives in Europe
Mutated version of plague could be spread through the _____

– Much deadlier and could kill within _____

Doctors could not treat the disease
– Tried ______ and _________
– Some people turned to ______ and ______

A

air

a day

bloodletting and folk medicine

magic and witchcraft

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17
Q

Impact of the Bubonic Plague

Huge Population losses
–__________ Europeans killed
–___________ Chinese killed

A

25 million

35 Million

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18
Q

Types of Plague

______ Plague

______ Plague

______ Plague

A

Bubonic

Pneumonic

Septicemic

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19
Q

Types of Plague

Bubonic Plague

Most _______

Infection of the __________

attacks _______ system

A

common

lymph system

immune

20
Q

Types of Plague

Pneumonic Plague

Most ________ type of plague

Infection of the _____ leading to pneumonia(______ and ______)

A

serious

lungs

Primary and Secondary

21
Q

Types of Plague

Septicemic Plague

Bacteria reproduces in the _____

Can be contracted like _____ plague but is most often seen as a _______________________________

A

blood

bubonic

complication of untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague

22
Q

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia originally classified in ___________
family

Based on DNA similarities with _____, Y. pestis is now part of ________ family

A

Pasteurellaceae

E. coli

Enterobacteriaceae

23
Q

Yersinia

11 named species in genus  3 are human pathogens

– Y. _________

Y.____________

Y. ___________

A

pestis

pseudotuberculosis

enterocolitica

24
Q

Yersinia

__________________ species rarely infect
humans

A

Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis

25
Q

__________ specie of yersnia is the cause of 1 – 3% of diarrhea cases caused by bacteria

A

Y. enterocolitica

26
Q

Yersinia pestis

Gram positive or negative

motile or non- motile

(Spore or non-spore?) - forming

(bacillus or coccus?)

A

negative

non- motile

non-spore

bacillus

27
Q

Yersinia pestis

Resistant to _____ temperature and _____, killed by ——— and _____

A

freezing; drying

heat and sunlight

28
Q

Yersinia pestis

Is an obligate aerobe

T/F

A

F

Can grow with or without oxygen

29
Q

Yersinia pestis

Most commonly found in ____ but also found in:
– Mice, squirrels, fleas, cats, dogs, lice, prairie dogs, wood rats, chipmunks

A

rats

30
Q

Bubonic plague

Most ———- form

– ~____% of cases

Incubation is _____ days

Mortality (untreated):______%

A

common

80

2 to 6

50-60

31
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment

– If plague is suspected, ______ is completed to determine how far the plague has progressed and to determine antibiotic resistances.

A

blood work

32
Q

Diagnosis and Treatment

Since no major antibiotic resistances have developed, plague is usually treated with ________.

Other antibiotics that can be used are: ________,_________, and Other ________

A

Streptomycin

tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and other aminoglycosides.

33
Q

Plague

Antibiotics are administered to the patient as well as to those _______________

A

who are believed to have been exposed.

34
Q

Pneumonic plague
• Pneumonic is the (most or least?) common but (most or least?) fatal form of plague.

Primary pneumonic plague occurs when Y. pestis is _______ and bacteria gain direct access to the _____.

A

Least

Most

inhaled; lungs

35
Q

Pneumonic plague

• Primary pneumonic plague has a very rapid incubation period of _____ days.

A

1 to 6

36
Q

Pneumonic plague

If septicemic plague is left untreated, it may progress to ________ plague. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, septicemia, respiratory distress and hemoptysis.

A

secondary pneumonic

37
Q

• Pneumonic plague is the only form of plague that can be _______________, but usually requires ________________

A

transmitted person-to-person

direct or close contact with the ill person or animal.

38
Q

Pneumonic plague

• Treatment for this form must be received within ______ after the onset of symptoms, otherwise, survival is unlikely.

A

24 hours

39
Q

Pneumonic plague

•___________ and the ___________ make plague a potential bioweapon.

A

Person-to-person transmission

rapid course of illness

40
Q

Testing for Yersinia

There is a laboratory validated rapid ____ test now widely used in ________ and __________, with the support of WHO.

A

dipstick

Africa and South America

41
Q

Treatment of plague requires prompt antibiotic treatment and supportive therapy.

T/F

A
42
Q

Without treatment most forms of plague are not fatal.

T/F

A

F

Fatal

43
Q

Treatment of plague

______,______,________, or ______

A

streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin

44
Q

Penicillins and cephalosporins are effective in treating plague.

T/F

A

F
Penicillins and cephalosporins are not effective in treating plague.

45
Q

Prophylactic antibiotics should be administered to persons who have had close exposure (i.e., within _____ feet [____ meters ]) to persons suspected of having ________ plague.

A

6.5 feet

2 meters

pneumonic

House Microbiology (93 decks)

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