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aubf Flashcards

1
Q

began on the ancient times

A

history of urinalysis

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2
Q

the beginning of laboratory medicine

A

urinalysis

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3
Q

discovered the albuminuria

A

Frederick Dekkers

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4
Q

microscopy came from the word..

A

“mikros” means - small and “kopein” means - look.

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5
Q

discovered methods for quantifying microscopic sediment

A

Thomas Addis

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6
Q

concept of urinalysis

A

Richard Bright

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7
Q

how many nephrons are there in each kidney?

A

1M to 1.5M

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8
Q

single, short-focus, positive lens

A

simple microscope

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9
Q

with objective lenses and eyepiece

A

compound microscope

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10
Q

produces magnified specimen image that appears dark against brighter background

A

brightfield microscope

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11
Q

produces bright specimen image against a dark background

A

darkfield microscope

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12
Q

based on the wave theory of light

A

phase-contrast

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13
Q

light of a selected wavelength is presented to the specimen

A

flourescence

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14
Q

illumination and detection optics are focused down on a single volume element of the specimen

A

confocal

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15
Q

produces images by scanning specimens with a focused beam of electrons

A

sem

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16
Q

beam of electrons interact with a specimen as they are transmitted through the specimen.

A

tem

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17
Q

chief organic constituent of urine

A

urea

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18
Q

chief inorganic constituent of urine

A

sodium chloride

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19
Q

how many grams/liter urea are there in the urine?

A

25 g/L

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20
Q

how many grams/liter of sodium chloride are there in the urine?

A

9 g/L

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21
Q

normal color of the urine

A

straw to amber yellow

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22
Q

the normal color of the urine is due to.

A

urochrome

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23
Q

the normal odor of the urine

A

aromatic

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24
Q

the normal odor of the urine is due to.

A

urinod

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25
Q

what causes ammoniacal odor

A

urine is exposed to bacteria

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26
Q

bacteria that converts urea into ammonia

A

proteus vulgaris

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27
Q

vegetables and fruits produces what urine acidity?

A

produces alkaline urine

28
Q

meat and high protein produces what urine acidity?

A

produces acidic urine

29
Q

what is the normal specific gravity of urine?

A

1.015 - 1.025

30
Q

the normal transparency of urine?

A

clear

31
Q

presence of glucose in urine

A

glycosuria/glucosuria

32
Q

presence of blood in urine

A

hematuria

33
Q

stone formation in the kidney

A

nephrolithiasis

34
Q

stone formation in the ureters

A

ureterolithiasis

35
Q

stone formation in the urinary bladder

A

cystolithiasis

36
Q

high urine production

A

polyuria

37
Q

low urine production

A

oliguria

38
Q

high urine production at night

A

nocturia

39
Q

total suppression of urine production

A

anuria

40
Q

involuntary voiding of urine during sleep

A

enuresis

41
Q

high urea in blood

A

azotemia

42
Q

high blood urea

A

uremia

43
Q

what is the highest specific gravity the kidney can tolerate?

A

1.040

44
Q

fruity urine odors indicates presence of

A

ketones

45
Q

ammoniacal urine odor indicates that the urine is

A

old

46
Q

mousy urine odor indicates presence of

A

PKU, phenylketonuria

47
Q

the principle of heat and acetic acid test for albumin test?

A

protein is coagulated by heat, dilute acetic acid is added to dissolve the precipitated phosphates and enhance coagulation of protein

48
Q

what is the interpretation of heat and acetic acid test for albumin

A

if turbidity appears after heating but disappears with the addition of acetic acid, albumin is absent. if turbidity persist even after addition of acetic acid and reheating, albumin is present.

49
Q

principle of benedict’s test

A

cupric ion is reduced to cuprous oxide in alkaline solution by glucose and other reducing substances. the color of the final solution is roughly proportional to the amount of reducing agents present.

50
Q

remaining blue in b.t means?

A

negative

51
Q

blue green in b.t means?

A

traced

52
Q

yellow in b.t means?

A

positive 1

53
Q

yellow green in b.t means?

A

positive 2

54
Q

yellow orange in b.t means?

A

positive 3

55
Q

brick red in b.t means?

A

positive 4

56
Q

very sensitive that upon exposure to light premature reduction may recall?

A

fehling’s test

57
Q

the positive result of nylander

A

black precipitate

58
Q

positive result of moores

A

dark brown, caramel odor

59
Q

positive result of picric acid

A

mahogany red

60
Q

what are the organized elements?

A

rbc, leukocytes, pus cells, bacteria, parasite, cast, contaminants

61
Q

what are the unorganized elements?

A

crystals like calcium oxalate, triple phosphate, amorphous urates, amorphous phosphate, leucine, tyrosine.

62
Q

urine is poured to the ground ; if approached then sweet = diabetic.

A

ant testing

63
Q

urine is said to be tastes like honey

A

taste testing

64
Q

quack doctors

A

charlatans

65
Q

chief inorganic constituent of urine

A

sodium chloride

mt (54 decks)

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