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mt > hema: hematopoiesis, hemocytometer and quality control > Flashcards

hema: hematopoiesis, hemocytometer and quality control Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the study of blood, blood-forming
organs and blood diseases.

A

Hematology

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2
Q

Specialized body fluids that deliver
necessary substances such as nutrients and
oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic
waste products away from the same cells.

A

blood

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3
Q

Process of cellular formation, proliferation,
differentiation and maturation of blood cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

Organs and tissue areas in which blood cell
production or regulation occur

A

Hematopoietic tissues

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5
Q

areas included in fetal hematopoiesis in Hematopoietic tissues

A

spleen, lymphatic tissues and bone marrow

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6
Q

stages of hematopoiesis

A

mesoblastic, hepatic, & myeloid stages

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7
Q

the primary site/s of hematopoiesis in mesoblastic stage

A

blood islands of the yolk sac of the human embryo
(as early as 19th day of gestation)

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8
Q

Blood Cells formed in mesoblastic stage

A

Erythroblasts

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9
Q

first blood cells formed by the first month of embryonic
life

A

erythroblasts

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10
Q

Embryonic hemoglobin are formed:

A
  • Gower I-2 zeta chains and 2 epsilon chains
  • Portland- 2 zeta chains and 2 gamma chains
  • Gower II- 2 alpha chains and 2 epsilon
    chains
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11
Q

primary site/s of hematopoiesis in hepatic stage

A

Fetal Liver

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12
Q

Blood cells formed in hepatic stage

A
  • erythrocytes still in production
  • granulocytes and megakaryocytes:
    3rd month of gestation
  • lymphocytes: 4th month of gestation
  • monocytes: 5th month of gestation
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13
Q

what begin a limited role as
secondary lymphoid organs in mid fetal life

A

spleen and lymph node

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14
Q

fetal hemoglobin is produced during ___

A

4th month of gestation

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15
Q

also in hepatic stage

A

HbF- 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

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16
Q

primary site/s of hematopoiesis in myeloid stage

A

bone
marrow

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17
Q

adult hemoglobins are produced in myeloid stage

A

Hb-A1-2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains & Hb-A2-2 alpha chains and 2 delta chains

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18
Q

becomes the only site
for RBC production, granulocytes,
monocytes, platelets and B lymphocytes at birth

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in most bones but
primarily in ____

A

flat bones of the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, skull and pelvis

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20
Q

principal source of production in adult

A

sternum and other flat bones

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21
Q

major function of bone marrow

A

production and proliferation of blood cells

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22
Q

3 Major Compartments of Cell Types of Marrow
Hematopoiesis:

A

stem cells, Progenitor (commited) cells, and Precursor cells-blast

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23
Q

Known as pluripotential or multipotential cells

A

stem cells

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24
Q

Retain the ability to differentiate into any cell
line

A

stem cells

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25
Q

Referred to as colony-forming units-spleen
(CFU-S)

A

stem cells

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26
Q

stem cells can differentiate into:

A
  • multipotential stem cells which give rise to
    non-lymphocytes
  • Secondary multipotential stem cells which
    give rise to primitive B or T lymphocytes
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27
Q

known as unipotential stem cells-differentiate into only one cell line(BFU,CFU-E,CFU-MEG and
CFU-GM)

A

Progenitor (commited) cells

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28
Q

forms (myeloblast, megakaryoblasts, erythroblasts)

A

Precursor cells-blast

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29
Q

what do Precursor cells-blast form

A

myeloblast, megakaryoblasts, erythroblasts

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30
Q

Primary cells, Having capability of self renewal and can differentiate into many specialized cells.

A

STEM CELLS

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31
Q

Designed to form a particular type of cell

A

Committed Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell or CPHSC

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32
Q

CPHSC give rise to 2 groups of cells

A

Lymphoid Stem Cells and Colony forming Blastocytes

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33
Q

Lymphocytes & Natural
killer cells

A

Lymphoid Stem Cells

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34
Q

Colony forming - E

A

Erythrocytes

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35
Q

Colony forming - M

A

Megakaryocytes

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36
Q

Colony forming - GM

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils,
Basophils & Monocytes

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37
Q

Colony Forming Unit - E

A

● Proerythroblast
● Early normoblast
● Intermediate normoblast
● Late normoblast
● Reticulocyte
● Matured RBC

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38
Q

known as Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

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39
Q

shape of mature red blood cells

A

biconcave disks

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40
Q

disk size of RBC

A

Has a diameter of 6-8um and a thickness of
2um

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41
Q

amount of RBC in male

A

Male: 4.50-6.80 x 10^6/uL

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42
Q

amount of RBC in female

A

Female: 3.80-4.80 x 10^6/uL

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43
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

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44
Q

Blood cells that FIGHTS infection.

A

White Blood Cells

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45
Q

Ref. ranges of WBC

A

4.0 - 11.0 x 10^3

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46
Q

increased in WBC

A

Leukocytosis

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47
Q

decreased in WBC

A

Leukopenia

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48
Q

2 groups of WBC

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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49
Q

Normal Marrow Composition:

A

● 60% - granulocytes & precursors
● 20% - erythroid precursors
● 10% - Lymphocytes, Monocytes
● 10% - Unidentified or disintegrated cells

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50
Q

It is a technique used to enumerate the total
cell count in the BLOOD or other Biological
body fluids. This can be done either by using
a haemocytometer manually or by electronic
cell counter automatically.

A

Haemocytometry

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51
Q

hemo means?

A

blood

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52
Q

cyto means?

A

cells

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53
Q

meter means?

A

measurement

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54
Q

hemocytometer

A

an instrument used to count/measure the blood cell

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55
Q

purpose of hemocytometer

A

In certain pathologic conditions the value of
different types of cells may have variation.
Thus by counting the cells in the blood or
body fluids, it can be find out if an individual
is normal or not.

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56
Q

purpose of cell count (generally/broadly)`

A

● To find out normal and abnormal count of the
cell.
● To support and confirm clinical diagnosis of
the patient.
● To find out the response of the patient to the
treatment.

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57
Q

who invented hemocytometer?

A

Louis-Charles Malassez

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58
Q

who modified hemocytometer?

A

Neubauer

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59
Q

an instrument used for counting the
cells in blood or fluid.

A

hemocytometer

60
Q

Haemocytometer Box, consist of a

A

special thick slides, cover slips, pipette, and diluting fluids

61
Q

called Neubauer’s counting chamber, diluting fluids

A

special thick slides

62
Q

used for diluting the blood with rubber tube with
different color plastic mouthpiece for drawing
blood or fluid in pipette.

A

RBC and WBC pipette

63
Q

parts of diluting pipettes

A

stem cell, bulb, rubber tube and mouth piece

64
Q

has capillary bore and well grounded conical tip.

A

stem cell

65
Q

markings of stem cell

A

has only two markings of 0.5 in middle of stem & 1 at the junction of stem and bulb.

66
Q

contains a rolling bead that helps in mixing the blood with diluting fluid and helps in quick identification of pipette

A

bulb

67
Q

color of bulbs

A

WBC - White
RBC - Red

68
Q

the bulb narrows again into a short stem to which a
long narrow rubber tube (25 to 30 cm) with red mouth piece in WBC is attached. These are used to suck blood and diluents to the pipette.

A

rubber tube and mouth piece

69
Q

bead colors of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = red
wbc = white

70
Q

marked major calibrations of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = 0.5, 1.0 and 101
wbc = 0.5, 1.0 and 11

71
Q

bulb size of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = larger
wbc = smaller

72
Q

lumen size of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = smaller
wbc = larger

73
Q

capillary bore lumen of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = narrow
wbc = wider

74
Q

speed of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = slow
wbc = faster

75
Q

mouth piece color of rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = red
wbc = white

76
Q

dilution in rbc and wbc pipette

A

rbc = up to 100 or 200 times
wbc = up to 10 or 20 times

77
Q

diluents used in rbc and wbc counting

A

rbc = hyaem’s fluid
wbc = turk’s fluid

78
Q

dilution factor for WBC and RBC counting

A

WBC: FV/IV = 10/0.5 = 20
RBC: FB/IV = 100/0.5 = 200

79
Q

Sum-total of all the characteristics of a
product/service that has a bearing upon the
utilization of the product product/service to the entire
satisfaction of the consumer.

A

Quality

80
Q

4a’s in Quality

A

Acceptable, Accessible, Affordable and Appropriate

81
Q

an activity to improve patient care by having the lab
monitor, its work to detect deficiencies &
subsequently correct them.

A

Total Quality Management (TQM)

82
Q

to improve the patient care by placing the emphasis
on not to make mistakes in the first place.

A

Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) /
Performance Improvement (PI)

83
Q

external activities that ensure positive patient outcomes. It
measures what a lab can do to improve
reliability.

A

Quality Assurance (QA)

84
Q

Principles of Quality management,
assurance, and control

A

● Total Quality Management of clinical
laboratory
● Control of pre-analytical variables
● Control of analytical variables
● External quality assessment & proficiency
testing programs

85
Q

TQM also referred to as:

A

Total quality control (QC), total
quality leadership, continuous quality improvement,
quality management science or industrial quality
management.

86
Q

The Universal principles of TQM are

A

1) Customer focus
2) Management commitment
3) Training
4) Process capability & control
5) Measure using quality-improvement tools

87
Q

conformance to requirements

A

Quality

88
Q

“Costs of conformance” + “Costs of non conformance”

A

Quality Costs

89
Q

(WORK PROCESS) PHYSICIAN/HEALTHCARE PROVIDER

A

● Patient examination
● Patient testing
● Patient diagnosis
● Patient treatment

90
Q

(WORK PROCESS) HEALTHCARE ADMINISTRATOR

A

● Processes for admission of patients
● Tracking patient services
● Discharge of Patients
● Billing for costs of service

91
Q

(WORK PROCESS) LABORATORY DIRECTOR

A

● Processes for acquiring specimens
● Processes specimens
● Analyzing samples
● Reporting test results

92
Q

(WORK PROCESS) LABORATORY ANALYST

A

● Acquiring samples
● Analyzing samples
● Performing quality control
● Releasing patient test results

93
Q

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

A

QLP, QC, QA, QI, QP

94
Q

Includes analytical processess & the
general policies, prcatices, procedures that
define how all aspects of the work are done.

A

QLP - QUALITY LABORATORY PROCESS

95
Q

emphasizes statistical control procedures, but also includes non-statistical check procedures

A

QC - QUALITY CONTROL

96
Q

concerned primarily with broaders
measures & monitors of lab performance
(turnaround time, specimen identification,
patient identification, test utility)

A

QA - Quality Assessment

97
Q

a structured problem solving process to
help identify the root cause of a problem & a
remedy for that problem.

A

QI - QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

98
Q

provides the planning steps.

A

QP - QUALITY PLANNING

99
Q

defines how quality is managed objectively with the scientific method or the PDCA cycle

A

FIVE Q

100
Q

provides the planning step

A

QP

101
Q

establishes standard processes

A

QLP

102
Q

provides measures for check

A

QC and QA

103
Q

provides a mechanism through which to act on those measures

A

QI

104
Q

The main objective of a laboratory is to
provide reliable, timely, and accurate test results.

A

Quality System

105
Q

QC + QA =

A

QUALITY ASSURANCE

106
Q

Includes personnel,
instrumentation, document
control, reagent control and
corrective action.

A

Internal Quality Control (IQC)

107
Q

External quality control is
important to ensure the
laboratory is performing to an
external standard.

A

External Quality Assurance (EQA)

108
Q

● Audit, On-site
inspection
○ Internal
○ External
● Accreditation

A

MAN-DRIVEN

109
Q

● Quality Assessment
○ Internal
○ External
○ Schematic
way: External quality Assessment
Scheme (EQAS)

A

MATERIAL-DRIVEN

110
Q

refers to operational
techniques that must be included during
each assay run to verify that the
requirements for quality are met with

A

Quality control

111
Q

refers to all those
planned and systematic activities to provide
confidence that the results given out by the
laboratory are correct

A

Quality assurance

112
Q

ensure that the results
generated by the test are correct.

A

Quality Control

113
Q

concerned with much more: that the
right test is carried out on the right specimen and that
the right result and right interpretation is delivered to
the right person at the right time.

A

Quality Assurance

114
Q

purpose of quality assurance

A

maintenance of the overall quality of patient results

115
Q

refers to the collection, transport and quality of specimen

A

pre-analytic

116
Q

refers to the result accuracy, clerical errors, analytical errors and assay repeat rates

A

analytic

117
Q

refers to the result reporting, record keeping for patient and QC

A

post-analytic

118
Q

objectives of quality in lab

A
  1. support provision of high quality health-care (reduce morbidity, mortality and economic loss)
  2. ensure credibility of lab
  3. generate confidence in lab results
118
Q

laboratory errors cost in

A

time, personal effort and patient outcomes

119
Q

coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to quality

A

Quality Management System

120
Q

the path of workflow

A

the patient – test selection – sample collection – sample transport – report creation – report transport

121
Q

Laboratory tests are influenced by

A

● Laboratory environment
● Knowledgeable staff
● Competent staff
● Reagents and equipment
● Quality control
● Communications
● Process management
● Occurence management
● Record keeping

122
Q

errors which occur when non-analytical factors change concentration Of analytes

A

preanalytical variability

123
Q

appropriate should be
requested & performed

A

test conducted

124
Q

labeling of specimen
may improper; corrected by bar coding

A

patient identification

125
Q

should be kept
minimum

A

TAT

126
Q

entry of patient & test
details in lab registers & computers

A

laboratory logs

127
Q

a substantial risk of
transcription error exists from manual entry
of data, even when results are double
checked; computerization reduces this error

A

transcription errors

128
Q

essential to obtain meaningful
test result

A

patient preparation

129
Q

container,
anticoagulant, time taken to send specimen
to lab, corrected by using vacutainer tubes &
collection of samples by lab personnel

A

specimen collection

130
Q

critical for some tests

A

specimen transport

131
Q

monitoring of the performance of the
centrifuge, container used for storage

A

specimen separation, aliquoting

132
Q

variation from person to person.
Safety precautions for all specimens.
Throughout time to be monitored on the
weekly or monthly basis

A

personnel

133
Q

must be controlled
carefully to ensure accurate measurements
by analytical methods

A

analytical variables

134
Q

Clear concepts in relation to Analytical
methods

A

Calibration, trueness, accuracy,
precision, linearity, & limit of detection

135
Q

Closeness of agreement b/n the
average value obtained from a large
series of results of measurements
and a true value

A

Trueness of measurements

136
Q

The known, accepted value of a
quantifiable property

A

True Value

137
Q

The difference b/n average value &
the true value

A

Bias

138
Q

Result of an individual’s
measurement of a quantifiable
property

A

measured value

139
Q

The closeness of the agreement b/n
the result of a measurement * a true
conc. of the analyte.

A

Accuracy

140
Q

Closeness of agreement b/n
independent results of
measurements obtained under
stipulated conditions

A

Precision

141
Q

The ability to maintain both precision and
accuracy

A

Reliabity

142
Q

the relationship between
measured & expected values over the
analytical measurement range.

A

Linearity

143
Q

highest measurement
result that is likely to be observed for a blank
sample.

A

Limit of Blank

144
Q

lowest concentration of measurement that can be
consistently detected in ≥ 95% of samples
tested under routine laboratory conditions
and in a given sample matrix.

A

Limit of Detection

145
Q

lowest actual amount of analyte that can be reliably
detected and at which the total error meets
the laboratory’s requirements for accuracy.

A

Limit of Quantification

mt (54 decks)

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