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mt > HISTOPATH DECALCIFATION > Flashcards

HISTOPATH DECALCIFATION Flashcards

1
Q

Removal of Calcium or lime salts from bones or calcified tissues following fixation

A

DECALCIFICATION

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2
Q

_____ solutions decalcify more rapidly but may destroy ____

A

more concentrated acid solutions ; tissue

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3
Q

decalcification ratio

A

20:1

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4
Q

____ hastens decalcification

A

heat and agitation

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5
Q

decalcification duration

A

1-2 days

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6
Q

tissue in decalcification

A

bones and teeth

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7
Q

criteria for decalcifying agent

A

Complete removal of ca salts
No damage to tissue
Lack of harmful effect on staining reactions
Speed for removal of Ca salts

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8
Q

types of decalcifying agents

A

Acid
Chelating agent
Ion exchange resins
Electrophoresis

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9
Q

Widely used for routine purpose

A

Acid

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10
Q

most common and a rapid decalcifying acid agent

A

5-10% Nitric Acid

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11
Q

5-10% Nitric Acid time

A

12 to 24 hours

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12
Q

Acid can be removed by

A

70% alcohol or formaldehyde

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13
Q

Imparts a yellow color due to formation of Nitrous Acid

A

nitric acid

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14
Q

5-10% nitric acid is used for

A

For urgent biopsies, for needle and small biopsies
For large and heavily mineralized cortical bone specimen

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15
Q

Yellow color may impair staining reaction
Produce less tissue distortion than 10% aqueous nitric acid

A

FORMOL-NITRIC ACID

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16
Q

FORMOL-NITRIC ACID is used for

A

For urgent biopsies
For nuclear staining

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17
Q

FORMOL-NITRIC ACID time

A

Time: 1-3 days

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18
Q

Decalcifies and soften tissues at the same time
Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining is good
Slow decalcifying agent for dense bones

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

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19
Q

Most rapid decalcifying agent
Nuclear staining is poor

A

PHLOROGLUCIN-NITRIC ACID

20
Q

PHLOROGLUCIN-NITRIC ACID time

A

12-24 hours

21
Q

Yellow color must be neutralized with

A

5% Sodium sulfate

22
Q

in PHLOROGLUCIN-NITRIC ACID, When decalcification is complete..

A

the acid must be removed by 3 changes of 70% to 90% ethanol, when sections are cut the slides are brought to water and placed in 1% aqueous lithium carbonate for 1 hour and washed for 15 minutes then stained.

23
Q

PERMITS good cytologic staining
Moderately rapid decalcifying agent
Does not require washing out

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

24
Q

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is used for

A

For teeth and small pieces of bone

25
Q

The extent of decalcification cant be measured by a

A

chemical test

26
Q

Fixative and decalcifying agent
Excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining

A

Formic Acid

27
Q

Formic Acid is used for

A

For small pieces of bones and teeth
For immunohistochemical staining

28
Q

Formic acid Requires..

A

neutralization with 5% Na sulfate and washing out to remove the acid from the tissue

29
Q

Good nuclear staining
Does not require washing
Weak agent, not used for dense tissues and suitable for small spicules of bone
Not recommended for urgent biopsies

A

TRICLOROACETIC ACID

30
Q

Weak decalcifying agent
Suitable for minute bone spicules

A

SULFUROUS ACID

31
Q

Used ad fixative and decalcifying agent
For minute bone spicules
Nuclear staining with hematoxylin is inhibited
Chromic aid is environmental toxin
Highly corrosive to skin, mucous membrane
carcinogenic

A

CHROMIC ACID (Flemming’s Fluid)

32
Q

COMBINE WITH Calcium salts and other salts to form complexes and to facilitate removal of calcium

Excellent for immunohistochemical or enzyme staining and for electron microscopy

A

Chelating Agents

33
Q

common chelating agent

A

EDTA

34
Q

Chelating Agents duration

A

1-3 weeks for small specimens
6-8 weeks or longer for dense bones

35
Q

in Chelating Agents, the pH is adjusted to.

A

7 to 7.4

36
Q

Ammonium form of polysterene resin hastens decalcification by removing calcium ions from formic acid-containing decalcifying solutions
Not recommended for fluids containing mineral acids such as Nitric acid or Hydrochloric acid
Cellular detail is well-preserved
Extent of decalcification can be measured by routine chemical test

A

ION EXCHANGE RESIN

37
Q

Is a process whereby positively charged calcium ions are attracted to negative electrode and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

38
Q

in ELECTROPHORESIS, the time required for decalcification is thereby..

A

shortened due to the heat and electrolytic reaction produced in the process.

39
Q

Acid can be removed from tissues or neutralized chemically by immersing the decalcified bone in either saturated lithium carbonate solution or 5-10% aqueous Na bicarbonate solution for several hours

A

POST-DECALCIFICATION

40
Q

in post-decalcification ___ is used for rinsing

A

running tap water

41
Q

how long is running tap water

A

30 min for small; 1-4 hrs for larger specimen

42
Q

Measuring Extent of Decalcification

A

Physical or Mechanical Test
X-Ray or Radiological Method
Chemical Method/Calcium Oxalate Test

43
Q

Done by touching or bending the tissue
Pricking the tissue with fine needle or probe

A

Physical or Mechanical Test

44
Q

Ideal, most sensitive and expensive
Detects smallest focus of Calcium

A

X-ray or Radiological Method

45
Q

Detects Calcium in acid solution by precipitation of insoluble Calcium hydroxide or Calcium oxalate
Cloudiness/ppts indicates Ca is present

A

Chemical Method/ Calcium Oxalate Test

mt (54 decks)

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