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BIOMARKERS Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic products produced by tumor cells or related to presence of tumor, found in body fluids or tissue or tumor surface of patients with cancers.

A

Tumor Markers

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2
Q

substances that can be detected in higher than normal amounts in the blood, urine, or body tissues of some patients with certain types of cancer.

A

Tumor markers

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3
Q

A tumor marker may be made by a _____ itself or by the body in _____ to the tumor

A

tumor ; response

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4
Q

Some tumor products are appropriate to the tissue of origin, but others are not and are regarded as ectopic or inappropriate and these products are known as

A

Biological Markers

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5
Q

What is an ideal tumor marker?

A
  • Highly specific: low false-positive tests (in normal individuals, benign diseaseS)
  • Highly sensitive: low false-negative rate
  • Circulating levels should correlate directly with the amount of viable tumor present
  • Sensitive and specific assays must be reproducible and widely available at a reasonable cost.
  • Present in all patients with a given malignancy.
  • Detectable in occult disease,
  • Absent in health and benign disease.
  • The levels should correlate with the result of anticancer therapy.
  • No ideal marker exist at present.
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6
Q

EPITHELIAL TUMOR MARKERS

A
  1. Keratin (CK7, CK20)
  2. Epithelial Membrane Antigen
  3. Carcinoembryonic Antigen
  4. Thyroid Transcription Factor-1
  5. Prostate Specific Antigen
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7
Q

highly sensitive for marker for epithelial cells and non-epithelial (mesotheliomas and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors)

A

Keratin

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8
Q

more frequently found in carcinomas of the lung, breast, uterus, and ovaries (serous tumors).

A

CK7 (CYTOKERATIN 7)

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9
Q

transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder and mucinous ovarian tumors are usually positive for both _____ and _____

A

CK7 and CK20

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10
Q

Renal cell carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, prostatic adenocarcinomas, thyroid carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (skin, lung and esophagus) are negative for ____ and _____

A

CK7 and CK20

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11
Q

adenocarcinomas of breast, lung, kidneys

A

EMA (epithelial membrane antigen)

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12
Q

carcinomas of GIT, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, uterus and cervix

A

CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)

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13
Q

positive for thyroid, lung and neuroendocrine tumors

A

TTF-1 (Thyroid transcription factor-1)

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14
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic and salivary gland tumors

A

PSA (Prostate specific antigen)

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15
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT MARKERS

A
  1. Actin
  2. Vimentin
  3. Desmin
  4. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
  5. Neurofilament
  6. S-100
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16
Q

IDENTIFY TUMORS FROM SMOOTH, SKELETAL, AND CARDIAC MUSCLE

A

actin

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17
Q

IS 57kD intermediate filament that is present in normal mesenchymal cells

A

VIMENTIN

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18
Q

Neuroendocrine Markers

A
  1. Neuron-specific Enolase
  2. Chromogranin
  3. Synaptophysin
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19
Q

Germ Cell Tumor Markers

A
  1. HCG-CHORIOCARCINOMA
  2. APP (ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN)
  3. PLAP (PLACENTA-LIKE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE)
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20
Q

ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMORS SHOWING YOLK SAC DIFFERENTIATION

A

APP (ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN)

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21
Q

GERM CELL TUMORS (GERMINOMAS), EMBRYONAL CARCINOMAS, CHORIOCARCINOMAS AND ENDO-DERMAL SINUS TUMORS

A

PLAP (PLACENTA-LIKE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE)

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22
Q

MESENCHYMAL TUMOR MARKERS

A
  1. MYOGENIC TUMORS
  2. FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS
  3. vascular tumors
  4. melanomas
  5. Lymphomas
23
Q

MUSCLE-SPECIFIC ACTIN AND DESMIN, myo-D1, myoglobin and myogenin

A

MYOGENIC TUMORS

24
Q

CD68 or FAM 56, combined with more nonspecific proteolytic enzymes such as alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin to diagnose malignant fibrohistiocytic sarcomas

A

FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMORS

25
Q

-study of cells that are separated from superficial or deep serosal or mucosal surfaces

A

EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

26
Q

exfoliative cytology, detects ______

A

malignancy

27
Q

in exfoliative cytology, cells are shed into the _____ and _______ w/c are used for evaluation

A

body fluids ; secretions

28
Q

in exfoliative cytology, if malignancy is suggested then ______ can be used for confirmatory

A

biopsies

29
Q

cells are directly taken from the surfaces of excised/incised specimens by touching them with a clean glass slide

A

Imprint/abraded cytology

30
Q

Imprint/abraded cytology is also known as

A

impression cytology

31
Q

Imprint/abraded cytology is indicated in cases of _________

A

hematolymphoid malignancy

32
Q

Imprint/abraded cytology, 5 techniques

A

smear (malignancy; chromosomal sex; type of infection;abnormalities); crush (mucoid and viscous fluids);technique;pull-push technique (other types of fluid)

33
Q

ALL SAMPLES SHOULD BE PRESERVE WELL-EQUAL PARTS OF ________ AND _______ IS THE IDEAL FIXATIVE

A

ETHANOL (95% ETHYL ALCOHOL) ; ETHER

34
Q

a paraffin-embedded specimen derived from different fluids and aspirated materials

A

CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE

35
Q

CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE is Mainly used with smears as an adjunct for establishing a more definitive _______

A

cytopathologic diagnosis

36
Q

CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE is for _______ determination

A

malignancy

37
Q

CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE is also known as

A

microbiopsy

38
Q

also used for architectural evaluation (histologic pattern of tumor)

A

CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE

39
Q

in CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE, categorization of tumors is not seen in ____

A

smears

40
Q
  • Special stains and immunohistochemistry
  • Immunophenotyping, molecular studies
  • Archival material for future studies
A

CELL BLOCK TECHNIQUE

41
Q

using filter paper with a specified pore size

A

MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD

42
Q

MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD is made up of _______ and _______

A

polycarbonate and cellulose esters

43
Q

cytodiagnosis in urine, spinal fluid, bronchial washing and substances with low cellular

A

MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD

44
Q

content, sex chromatin determination on amniotic fluid

A

MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD

45
Q

simple; small amount samples, availability, excellent preservation of cellular samples it needs

A

MEMBRANE FILTER METHOD

46
Q

USES CYTOSPIN AND SEDIMENTATION PREPARATIONS

A

CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE

47
Q

cells are isolated thru series of centrifugation steps to concentrate the cells into a small Suspension

A

CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE

48
Q

enable cells to be spread in a monolayer

A

LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY

49
Q

improve sensitivity of screening of cervico-vaginal smears; breast and thyroid samples

A

LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY

50
Q

LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY methods

A

Thin Prep (Cytyc Corp.) and SurePap (Tripath Imaging, Inc)

51
Q

LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY ADVANTAGES:

A
  • improved cell representation;
    = specificity,sensitivity;
  • abnormal cells are clearly seen and easily identified;
  • remaining or residual cell suspension can be used to make further cytological preparations or other tests like detection of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA and immunocytochemistry.
52
Q

study cells that do not shed spontaneously

A

ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY

53
Q

palpable lesion (fine needle aspirate-accuracy is dependent on _______: smaller size means less ______ diagnosis and cant distinguish between in _____ and _____ lesion)

A

size of lesion ; sensitive ; situ and invasive

54
Q

deep seated/ non palpable lesions (_______ biopsy)

A

image-guided

mt (54 decks)

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