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history-urinalysis-uf-tests (AUBF) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of urine was based on..

A

Drawing found in the cavement and in the Egyptian hieroglyphics

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2
Q

an Egyptian hieroglyphics

A

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

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3
Q

the father of medicine

A

Hippocrates

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4
Q

the book hippocrates created

A

Uroscopy

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5
Q

2 determination of diabetes (Hippocrates)

A

Ant Testing and Taste Testing - honey like taste

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6
Q

Discovered a test by boiling urine

A

Frederick Dekkers

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7
Q

A test of boiling urine

A

Albuminuria

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8
Q

People offering health predictions without medical credentials for a healthy fee

A

Charlatans / Pisse Prophets / Quack Doctors

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9
Q

he published a book about charlatans and passing of the first medical licensure laws in England

A

Thomas Bryant

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10
Q

he invented microscope and first to observe bacteria and protozoa

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

he developed a method for quantitating microscopic urinary sediments in 17th century

A

Thomas Addis

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12
Q

cellular elements are counted

A

Addis Count

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13
Q

he introduced urinalysis as part of doctor’s routine patient examination

A

Richard Bright

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14
Q

he constructed the 1st microscope with convex objective and concave eyepiece

A

Zacharias Janssen

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15
Q

he suggested the use of convex lenses on both objective and eyepiece in compound microscope.

A

Johannes Kepler

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16
Q

constructed the Kepler’s Microscope which he enlarged the view of the object

A

Christopher Schamir

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17
Q

became the prototype of modern microscopes

A

Kepler’s Microscope

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18
Q

Invented a simple but effective 2-lens eyepiece microscope

A

Christian Huggens

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19
Q

introduced higher numerical apertures for microscope objectives

A

Charles Spurer

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20
Q

invented darkfield microscope

A

Francis Wenham

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21
Q

invented phase contrast microscope

A

Fritz Zernicke

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22
Q

invented centrifuge microscope

A

E.N Harvey and A.L. Leomis

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23
Q

invented electron microscope

A

Knoll, Ruska and Rudenbergh

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24
Q

invented more powerful EM

A

Haws Mahl

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25
Q

operated through the reflection of light

A

Light Microscope

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26
Q

made up of 1 or 2 lenses

A

Simple Microscope

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27
Q

made up of many lenses

A

Compound Microscope

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28
Q

specimen is illuminated by a special condenser that provides oblique light.

A

Darkfield Microscope

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29
Q

enables contrast to be added to normally invisible objects making them quite visible through a microscope

A

Phase Contrast Microscope

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30
Q

Light travels in a sine-wave form with characteristic amplitude, or wave height and wavelength.

A

Phase Contrast Microscope

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31
Q

produces a 3D image

A

Stereoscope Microscope

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32
Q

detect chemical bonding between certain substances

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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33
Q

operated using beam of electrons to create an image of the specimen

A

Electron Microscope

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34
Q

ability of the microscope to render fine detail of an object visible

A

Magnification

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35
Q

ability of the microscope to distinguish 2 small or closely adjacent images

A

Resolving Power

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36
Q

designation of amount of light entering the objective from a point in the microscopic field

A

Numerical Aperture

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37
Q

ration of the velocity of light in this medium is compared with that in a vacuum

A

Refractive Index

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38
Q

testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in expenditure, reliable, accurate, safe and cost-effective manner

A

Urinalysis

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39
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

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40
Q

cortical nephrons is approximately…

A

85% of the nephrons

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41
Q

it is situated in the cortex of kidney and responsible for the removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients

A

Cortical Nephrons

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42
Q

a nephron that have longer loops of henle and produces enzyme

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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43
Q

the primary function of Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A

concentration of urine

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44
Q

renal functions

A

renal blood flow
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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45
Q

how many kidneys do human have

A

2 kidneys

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46
Q

color of kidney

A

dark red

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47
Q

shape of kidney

A

bean-shaped organs

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48
Q

3 regions of the internal structure of the kidney

A

cortex - outer layer
medulla
renal pelvis - expansion of the upper ureter

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49
Q

how many nephrons are there in each kidney

A

1 to 1.5 million

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50
Q

the function unit of kidney

A

nephrons

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51
Q

components of glomerulus

A

coiled capillary lobes
located w/in bowman’s capsule
serves as nonselective filter of plasma substance

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52
Q

components of glomerular filtrate

A

water
glucose
electrolytes
amino acid
urea
uric acid
creatinine
ammonia

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53
Q

Proximal Convulated Tubules reabsorbs..

A

reabsorbs large amount of water, sodium chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, calcium, phosphate, CHON, glucose and other necessary substances back into the bloodstream

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54
Q

the glucose if totally reabsorbed at concentrations of..

A

160-180 mg/dl

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55
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule secretes

A

Sulfate, glucoronides, hydrogen ion and drugs.

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56
Q

2 loops of henle

A

Descending and Ascending Loop of Henle

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57
Q

it reabsorbs water back into the bloodstream and does not reabsorb solutes.

A

Descending Loop of Henle

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58
Q

it reabsorbs sodium, chlorine, calcium and magnesium and does not reabsorb water

A

Ascending Loop of Henle

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59
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule reabsorbs

A

sodium and potassium

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60
Q

D. conv tubule secretes

A

K, NH3 and H+

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61
Q

it is composed of transitional epi cells

A

Urethral Epithelial Cells

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62
Q

the Urethral Epithelial Cells lines the..

A

renal calyces
renal pelvis
ureters
bladder
urethra

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63
Q

what can be seen in normal patients or after catheterization which is an increased numbers are seen in UTI

A

Urethral Epithelial Cells

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64
Q

volume of filtered plasma

A

approximately 170,000 ml

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65
Q

volume of the average urine output when filtered plasma is converted

A

1,200 to 1,500 ml

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66
Q

urine formation pathways

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. bowman’s capsule
  3. proximal convoluted tubule
  4. loop of henle
  5. distal convoluted tubule
  6. collecting tubules
  7. ureter
  8. urinary bladder
  9. urethra
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67
Q

in nephrotic syndrome, the renal tubular epithelial cells absorb and become engaged with fat known as

A

Oval Fat Bodies

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68
Q

indicates lipid droplets contained in the cell

A

Maltese cross

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69
Q

high urine production

A

polyuria

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70
Q

the amount of abnormal increase in polyuria

A

> 2500 ml per 24 hours

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71
Q

polyuria is associated with..

A

diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
also, use of diuretics, caffeine or alcohol which suppress the excretion of ADH

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72
Q

what suppresses the excretion of ADH

A

use of diuretics, caffeine or alcohol which suppress the excretion of ADH

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73
Q

polyuria is seen in:

A

diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
chronic nephritis
nervous conditions
excessive fluid intake
absorption of large quantity of edema fluid

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74
Q

low urine production

A

oliguria

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75
Q

the decrease volume which amounts to..

A

<500 ml per 24 hours

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76
Q

cause by dehydration and seen in a state of dehydration

A

oliguria

77
Q

causes of oliguria

A

excessive water loss
vomiting
diarrhea
perspiration or severe burns

78
Q

oliguria is seen in:

A

acute nephritis/glomerulonephritis
calculus or tumor of the kidney
severe diarrhea
dehydration (vomiting, fever, sweating)
uremia
shock
transfusion reactions
toxic agents such as mercury

79
Q

complete suppression of urine formation

A

anuria

80
Q

anuria may result..

A

any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidney

81
Q

anuria is seen in:

A

acute nephritis
poisoning with mercury
transfusion reactions
toxic agents
complete obstruction
collapse

82
Q

volume amount in anuria

A

<1000 ml per 24 hours for 3 consecutive days

83
Q

increased urine volume at night

A

nocturia

84
Q

involuntary voiding of urine at night

A

enuresis

85
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone

86
Q

aldosterone increase reabsorption of

A

Na or Sodium

87
Q

it is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH or Vasopressin

88
Q

the ADH or Vasopressin regulates reabsorption of..

A

water in the distal tubules

89
Q

ADH deficiency results in

A

Diabetes Mellitus

90
Q

it is secreted by the kidneys and stimulates production of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoietin

91
Q

95-97% main composition of urine

A

Water

92
Q

3-5% main composition of urine

A

solids

93
Q

gram of organic and inorganic substance in urine

A

35g organic substances and 25g inorganic substances

94
Q

the major organic constituent of the urine

A

urea

95
Q

the amount of urea in urine

A

25 g/liter

96
Q

a metabolic waste product produced by the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids

A

urea

97
Q

the major inorganic constituent of urine

A

chloride

98
Q

amount of chloride in urine

A

9 g/liter

99
Q

amount of Na in urine

A

4 g/liter, primary from salt, varies by intake

100
Q

amount of K in urine

A

2 g/liter, combined with Chlorine and other salts

101
Q

the product of creatine metabolism by muscles

A

creatinine

102
Q

the amount of creatinine in the urine

A

1.5 g/liter

103
Q

it combines with sodium to buffer the blood

A

phosphate

104
Q

the amount of phosphate in the urine

A

2 g/liter

105
Q

a product of nucleic acid in food and cells

A

uric acid

106
Q

amount of uric acid in urine

A

0.6 g/liter

107
Q

it regulates the blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

ammonium/ammonia

108
Q

the amount of ammonium/ammonia in the urine

A

0.6 g/liter

109
Q

it combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

A

calcium

110
Q

the amount of calcium in urine

A

0.2 g/liter

111
Q

urine may also contain

A

hormones, vitamins, medications

112
Q

urine may also contain formed elements such as

A

cells
cast
crystals
mucus
bacteria

113
Q

the test used to determine whether a particular fluid is urine

A

Urine-Creatinine Test

114
Q

two content of urine to determine that the fluid is really urine

A

urea and creatinine

115
Q

____ of urine is directly proportional to its _____

A

concentration ; specific gravity

116
Q

if the urine is dark therefore;

A

concentration is great as well as the specific gravity.

117
Q

factors affecting urine concentration

A

dietary intake
physical activity
body metabolism
endocrine function
body position

118
Q

the more fluid intake the greater the ___

A

urine volume

119
Q

factors affecting urine volume

A

fluid intake
fluid loss from non-renal sources
variations in the secretion of ADH
necessity to excrete increased amount of dissolved solids

120
Q

reasons for urinalysis

A

Aid in diagnosis of disease
Screen asymptomatic populations for undetected disorder
Monitor the progress of diseases and the effectiveness of therapy

121
Q

approx. ___% of the blood leaves the left ventricle of the hearts enters the ____ by way of ____

A

20-25% ; kidneys ; renal arteries

122
Q

amount of blood passing through kidneys

A

1200 ml/min

123
Q

amount of blood passing per kidney

A

600 ml/min

124
Q

amount of filtered plasma on the glomerulus

A

120 ml/min

125
Q

the amount that the filtered plasma on the glomerulus produces and is finally excreted as urine

A

1 ml/min

126
Q

amount in dehydration and in excessive dehydration

A

o.3 ml in dehydration ; 15ml in excessive dehydration

127
Q

methods of urine specimen collection

A

bottle method, gauze-pad method, catheterization method, midstream-catch method and suprapubic aspiration method.

128
Q

uses receptacles to collect the specimen provided that it is clean, dry and steriled

A

Bottle Method

129
Q

used to collect specimen and then centrifuged.

A

Gauze-Pad Method

130
Q

used for bacterial culture where a clean rubber tuber is inserted through the urethral orifice to the urethral canal, then to the bladder to collect a pure urine specimen.

A

Catheterization Method

131
Q

a urine collection used for routine screening and the urine collection is at the middle part of single continued normal urination and is considered less traumatic method.

A

midstream catch method

132
Q

what strong bacterial cleaning agent should not be used in midstream-catch method

A

hexachlorophene or povidone-iodine

133
Q

bladder urine for bacterial culture

A

Suprapubic Aspiration Method

134
Q

a type of urine specimen collected at any time for routine and qualitative urine analysis

A

random specimen

135
Q

collection is timed or scheduled for a particular due to the needs of the situation, tests and substance being determined.

A

timed specimen

136
Q

used for quantitative chemical test urine is collected within 24 hours

A

24 hr specimen

137
Q

collected within 12 hours

A

12 hour specimen

138
Q

8 pm to 8 am urine collection

A

12-hr specimen (night)

139
Q

urine sample at 8 am is discarded and all samples are voided until 8 pm

A

12-hr specimen (day)

140
Q

specimen collected between 2pm to 6pm

A

afternoon specimen

141
Q

it is best evaluated from specimens obtained between 2 and 4 pm

A

afternoon specimen

142
Q

the first morning urine specimen is used for

A

pregnancy test, routine screening and orthostatic protein.

143
Q

concentrated specimen, detection of chemicals and formed elements

A

first morning urine specimen

144
Q

for diabetic monitoring and screening, there will be no any metabolites from food ingested before the beginning of the fasting period

A

fasting specimen

145
Q

void urine shortly before routine meal and collect a specimen 2 hours after eating (for diabetic monitoring)

A

2-hour postprandial

146
Q

a preservation that prevents bacterial growth and preserve formed elements

A

refrigeration

147
Q

the formed elements that are preserved through refrigeration

A

casts, rbcs, wbcs, epithelial cells and acid ph.

148
Q

preservation of urine that prevents:
- conversion of urea to ammonium carbonate
- destruction of glucose by yeast/bacteria
- false positive albumin tests due to the presence of bacterial protein
- degeneration/destruction of organized sediments

A

Chemical Preservation

149
Q

organized sediments

A

pus, blood and casts

150
Q

ideal preservative for steroids

A

toluene

151
Q

preserves urinary sediments well

A

formalin 40%

152
Q

a small crystal is added to 3-4 ounces of urine

A

thymol

153
Q

good preservative for aldosterone ; not an ideal preservative

A

chloroform

154
Q

ideal for glucose analysis (glucose tolerance test or as an aid in regulating the insulin dosage of a diabetic patient)

A

sodium fluoride or benzoic acid

155
Q

used for regent strip testing

A

sodium benzoate

156
Q

used in specimens forwarded to distant laboratories and is considered as an excellent preservatives and is good for long-term preservation.

A

phenol

157
Q

preserved 24-hr urine specimens

A

hydrochloric acid (10 ml cone)

158
Q

special preservative for the detection of catecholamines, calcium, nitrogen, inorganic constituents

A

sulfuric acid (1ml cone)

159
Q

keeps pH at about 6.0 and bacteriostatic at 18g/L

A

boric acid

160
Q

can be used for culture transport and the sample can be kept for 24 hours w/o ref

A

boric acid

161
Q

the normal amount of urine in adult

A

800-1600 ml/24hours

162
Q

normal amount of urine in children 6-12 years

A

500-1500 ml/24hours

163
Q

normal amount of urine in children 1-6 years

A

300-1000 ml/24hours

164
Q

urine obtained by a catheter immediate after the patient has emptied the bladder voluntarily

A

residual urine

165
Q

amount of urine that remains in the bladder after voluntary urination

A

residual urine

166
Q

normal urine color

A

straw to amber yellow

167
Q

yellow pigment of urine is due to

A

urochrome (named by Thudichum)

168
Q

pink pigment of urine is due to

A

uroerythrin (ppt of amorphous urates)

169
Q

orange-brown color is due to

A

urobilin (oxidation product of urobilinogen)

170
Q

the sg of amber urine

A

high SG and small quantity

171
Q

sg of colorless to straw

A

low SG and large quantity

172
Q

the aromatic odor of urine is due to

A

urinod or volatile organic acids

173
Q

the normal transparency of urine

A

clear (fresh specimen)

174
Q

normal clarity of urine

A

nubecula - faint cloud in urine forms after standing it for some time due to mucus, leukocytes or epithelial cells.

175
Q

faint cloud in urine forms after standing it for some time due to mucus, leukocytes or epithelial cells.

A

nubecula

176
Q

the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance

A

specific gravity

177
Q

density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

A

specific gravity

178
Q

measurement of the concentration of solutes and the concentrating and diluting power of the kidney

A

specific gravity

179
Q

specific gravity is a very complicated function that involves:

A

osmosis
counter current
ultra-filtration and
secretion mechanisms

180
Q

urine sg is high, usually above 1.010

A

hypersthenuric

181
Q

urine sg is normal, fixed at about 1.010

A

isosthenuric

182
Q

urine sg is low, usually less than 1.007

A

hyposthenuric

183
Q

low sg is related to:

A

chronic nephritis and diabetes insipidus

184
Q

high sh is related to:

A

diabetes mellitus, acute nephritis and fever

185
Q

determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

A

Refractometer Method

186
Q

comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution.

A

refractive index

187
Q

consists of weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine SG

A

urinometer

188
Q

less accurate method

A

urinometer

mt (54 decks)

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