child development2 Flashcards

Question 1

Q

what does ICG mean?

Question 2

Q

what are the four characteristics of development?

Answer

A

plasticity
multicontextual
multidirectional
multidisciplinary

Question 3

Q

difference equals defiecet error?

Answer

A

differences are not necessarly deficits

-deviation from some norm is neccasrily inferior to bahvior or characteristics that meet the standard s

Question 4

Q

social construction

Question 5

Q

what is multicontextual?

Question 6

Q

are people only effected by more than one culture?

Question 7

Q

socail economic statis?

Answer

A

-your class, career, family income, education, where you live

Question 8

Q

cohort?

Answer

A

-whether grew up in same general time period and same historical changes and such

Question 9

Q

wat is multidirectional change?

Question 10

Q

what is the ecological approach?

Question 11

Q

what is the ecosystem, mesosystems,

Question 12

Q

what are the 3 domains of human development?

Answer

A

biosocial, cognitive socail, pyschosocial

Question 13

Q

what mirror nuerons?

Answer

A

“monkey see monkey do concept”

Question 14

Q

Question 15

Q

CH 3

DNA

Answer

A

the chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various protiends

Question 16

Q

Chromosome=

Answer

A

one of the 46 molecules of DNA(in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes. other species have more or fewer protiens

Question 17

Q

gene=

Answer

A

a small section of chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. they consist of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain protiens.

Question 18

Q

alleles=

Answer

A

a variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics. many genes never vary; others have several possible alleles.

Question 19

Q

genome=

Answer

A

a full set of genes that are the instructions to make individual meber of a certain species

Question 20

Q

gamete=

Answer

A

a reproductive cell; that is a spermor ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from other sex to make a zygote

Question 21

Q

Zygote=

Answer

A

the single cell formed from union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum

Question 22

Q

genotype=

Answer

A

a ogranism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

Question 23

Q

homozygous=

Answer

A

reffering to 2 genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code. most gene pairs are homozyguous.

Question 24

Q

heterozygous=

Answer

A

referring to two genes of one pair that differ in some way. typically one allele has only a few base pairs that differ from other member of the pair

Question 25

Q

23^rd pair=

Answer

A

23^rd pair=the chromosme pair that, in humans, determines sex. tHE OTHER 22 PAIRS ARE AUTOSOMES; INHERITED EQUALLY BY MALES AND FEMALES

Question 26

Q

XX=

Answer

A

a 23 chromosome pair that consists of two X-shaped chromosomes, one each from the mother and the father XX zygotes become females

Question 27

Q

XY=

Answer

A

a 23^rd chromosome pair that consists of a X shaped chromosome from the mother and father. XY zygotes becomes males

Question 28

Q

phenotype=

Answer

A

the observable characteristics of a person, including appreance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

Question 29

Q

polygenic=

Answer

A

referring to a trait that influenced by many genes

Question 30

Q

multifactorial=

Answer

A

referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environment, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes. Resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype

Question 31

Q

**1. **What are the relationships among proteins, genes, chromosomes, and the genome?

Answer

A

Question 32

Q

**1. **How and when is the sex of the zygote determined? Why is the ratio of boy babies to girl babies significant?

Answer

A

Question 33

Q

1. ** Each zygote begins as a single cell. What happens to the cell within the first hours and then days after conception?**

Question 34

Q

-

1. ** Define stem cells.**

Answer

A

cell from which any other specialized type of cell can form

Question 35

Q

1. ** What is the difference between monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, and other siblings?**

Answer

A

monozygotic=identical twins and dizygotic twins=fraternal

Question 36

Q

1. ** What is ART? Describe how some types of art like IVF and intrauterine insemination enable otherwise infertile couples to conceive and sustain a pregnancy. What are some of the ethical conflicts surrounding ART?**

Answer

A

-A general ter, for the techniques designed to help infertile couples concieve and then sustain a preganancy.

Question 37

Q

1. ** Summarize epigenetic research. Do genes determine our destiny?**

Answer

A

-environment can effect genes. no genes do not just a factor. just more likely to act a certain way.

Question 38

Q

1. ** _What important discoveries resulted from the Human Genome Project? _**

Question 39

Q

1. ** _What is an additive heredity? Give examples of traits that are the result of genes which interact additively. _**

Question 40

Q

1. ** What is dominant-recessive heredity: Give an example.**

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a. ** What does it mean to be a carrier? Give an example.**

b. ** What are X-linked genes? Give an example.**

Question 41

Q

1. ** Define copy number variations.**

Answer

A

-genes with various repeats or deletions of base parts

Question 42

Q

1. ** _Explain how the course of alcoholism is affected by nature and by nurture. _**

Question 43

Q

1. ** What estimates are give for the percentage of all zygotes having more or fewer than 46 chromosomes? How many reach viability (are born and are able to survive outside the womb)?**

Question 44

Q

1. ** Define heritability and give an example of a heritable trait.**

Answer

A

-A statistic that indicates what percentages of the variation in a particular trait within a particular trait within a particular population, in a particular context and era, can be traced to genes

Question 45

Q

1. ** Identify the specific causes and effects of Down syndrome, and abnormalities of the 23^rd pair.**

Question 46

Q

1. ** _Describe and give an example of the following gene disorders: dominant disorders and recessive gene disorders. _**

Question 47

Q

1. ** Define fragile X syndrome**

Answer

A

-a genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest pf it by a very thin string of molecules. The cause is a single gene that has more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.

Question 48

Q

1. ** Why do some scientists believe that the public is not ready for genetic testing for psychological disorders?**

Question 49

Q

1. ** Who should receive genetic counseling and when?**

Question 50

Q

1. ** Define PKU and explain the U.S. testing requirements.**

Answer

A

-pku=genetic disorder in which a child’s body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenyalanine. Unless the infant immediately begins a specail diet begins a specail diet. the resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage.

Question 51

Q

1. ** What percentage of the human genome do unrelated people share?**

Question 52

Q

1. ** Why do so many scientists oppose genetic testing for psychological disorders?**

Question 53

Q

1. ** Describe a scenario of in-vitro fertilization.**

Question 54

Q

1. ** Know new discoveries about genotypes and phenotypes.**

Question 55

Q

1. ** Know how to figure out the outcome of four children’s eye color in a family. The father has brown eyes, and the mother has blue eyes. Can you predict all four eye colors with the given information?**

Question 56

Q

1. ** A long string of amino acids make up _________________.**

Question 57

Q

1. ** What is a major contributor to the fact that the human race has survived in spite of diseases such as malaria, the plague, and possibly even HIV?**

Question 58

Q

1. ** _People with Down syndrome have a third chromosome in the _________ pair (extra chromosome condition). Tell if one with Down syndrome is severely retarded, average intelligence, or above intelligence (can they be any of these choices)? _**

Question 59

Q

1. ** Describe Huntington’s disease.**

Question 60

Q

1. ** The molecular basis of heredity is __________________.**

Question 61

Q

1. ** Approximately how many cells make up the average adult human body?**

Question 62

Q

1. ** The genetic code directs the synthesis of hundreds of different kinds of ______________________.**

Question 63

Q

1. ** What is the difference between sperm cells and ova?**

Question 64

Q

1. ** A person’s height is affected by (an estimated) _____________ number of genes.**

Answer 33

A

a systematic

Answer 34

A

cognitive equilibrium:a state of mental balance

cognitive thoery is based on thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes, beliefs, values, assumptions, and actions

-sister lundins missionary companion she had to accomodate

Answer 35

A

COGNITIVE THOERY
1. sensorimotor
2. pre operational
3.

4.

Answer 36

A

–a computer

vygosty
a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by anaology, to computer analysis of data, inluding sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

Answer 37

A

made sociocultural thoery
guided participation=technique in which skilled mentors help novices lern not only by providing instruction but also by allowing direct shared involvement in the activity (also called apprentinship in thinking)
zone of proximial development=
values are constructed in cultures
believed that children with mental sndphysical disabilities should be education

Answer 38

A

different then eriksons because?

highest to lowest:

self actualization

esteem

love and belonging

safety

physiological

Answer 39

A

accomodations: old ideas are restructed to include, or accomodate, new experiences
assimilation: new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into or assimilate with old ideas

Answer 40

A

made socio-cultural thoery
studied cognitive tendencies
mentors
guided participation-parents tutors engage in kids to help them in each step

-

Answer 41

A

-talks about how your genes are as humans grow they adapt to environment making them who they are

selective adaptation: human react in ways how reacted long ago like fear of snakes

Answer 42

A

100 trillion cells

-4 then put into triplets

Answer 43

A

gamete is a sperm and ova and zygote is when they come together and fertallize

Answer 44

A

men=xy

women=XX

Answer 45

A

duplicartion and the sperm deivides
differentiation-cells breaking up and the cells starts sepcailizing as to where eyes go and such

Answer 46

A

they can differietate into specail areas to create the body

Answer 47

A

beginning of preganancy, length of preganancy, trimensters, due date.

Answer 48

A

pregnancy begins at conception, which also the starting point of gestational age. However, the organism does not become an emryo until about two weeks later, and pregnancy does not effect the woman)and cannot be confirmed by blood or urine testing) until implantation

Answer 49

A

full term preganancies last 266 days , or 38 weeks or 9 months

Answer 50

A

instead of germinal period, empbroyic period, and fetal period, some writers divide pregnancy into three month periods called trimesters

Answer 51

A

only 5% of baies are actually born on due date.

Answer 52

A

embryro and the placenta(organ surrounding embriyo protecting and nurtering it) form

implatation= embed themselves in the nurturing lining of the uterus

-only 50% of conceptions inplant

Answer 53

A

the baby starts really growing and starting to look like a human
organs are developing, centeral nervous system develops, heart, etc.

-

Answer 54

A

brain heaveily develops 7 times

Answer 55

A

2 times 1 min and 5min after birth

p. 101 table 4.3 for the test

Answer 56

A

abays heart rate 69 beats a minute

flacid muscle tone

irregular slow resperations

tickling baby feet grimaces

5.?

Answer 57

A

-50% of natural conceptions and even larger percetage of an invitro conceptions never implant

Answer 58

A

spem cell is from a man and ova is froma woman

Answer 59

A

-embryo=the name for a developing human organism from about the third through the eighth week after conception

fetus=the name of a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth

Answer 60

A

-differentiation=at about the eigth cell stage cell take on

plecenta division=a plcenta is devloped which is the organ that surrounds and protects the developing creature

implatation=embed themselves in the nurturing lining of the uterus

Answer 61

A

centeral nervous system, the brain , spinal column, head, eyes, ears , nose. and mouth form.
cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns=head to tail pattern and near and far

Answer 62

A

_-_fourth week

Answer 63

A

_-_it is ike a x-ray machines but uses sound waves to see the baby

Answer 64

A

-It is a important time because that is when the entire centeral nervous system becomes respinsive during mid preganancy and regulating body functions such as breathing and sucking. and the heart begins to beat faster.

Answer 65

A

-medical care, regulating basic body functions like breathing and sucking

Answer 66

A

-final three months women is aware of child because of fetal size and movement. Her taste, smell, and and sounds and behavior patterns become part of the fetal cosciousness. auditory communication happens. As childs ear develops and just gains comfort from mothers heartbeat and kicking and such.

Answer 67

A

-natural child birth is better and you don’t want to pull out the baby before it is ready not developed enough.

Answer 68

A

-quadruple

Answer 69

A

-there is no best one but the standard easiest would be laying on back and propped up

Answer 70

A

What percentage of U.S. births take place in freestanding birthing centers?(p. 102)

Answer 71

A

the baby gets ready for postion for birth process
the cervix dilates to allow passgage of the babys head

-transition: the babys head moves into the vagina

Answer 72

A

-head

Answer 73

A

-between spontaneous cries the first born breathes of air bring oxygen to the lungs and blood and changes to bluish to pinkish eyes open wide, tiny finger grab, toes stretch and retract mucus in babys throat is removed. umilbilcal cord is dettached they are examined with the apgar scale.

Answer 74

A

-a assesment of new borns health. the babys color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respitory effort are given score from 0, 1, or 2 twice. at one one minute and 5 mins after birth. and each time the total of all the five scores is compared with the maximum score of 10.

Answer 75

A

-some cultures and places have higher rates of c-sections3 -34% in US

Answer 76

A

epidural=an injection into the spine to help birth
induced labor= in which labor is started, speeded, or strengthened with a drug

_ _

Answer 77

A

1-250 mortality rate
AAP reccomends careful and honest counseling for parents of very preterm baies so that they can understand the consequences of each medical measure
benefits of a doula are they are trained to support the women by timing contractions, work beside mid-wifes and doctors, massages, providing ice chips, or anything else helpful.

_ _

Answer 78

A

agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defect or even death
behavioral teratogen are agents that can harm the prenatal brain, imparing the future childs intellect and emotional functioning.

_ _

Answer 79

A

-toxoplasmosis which causes brain damage, loss of vision, mental retardation

Answer 80

A

swaddling

sucking

shushing

swinging movement

side/ stomach position \

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child development2 Flashcards

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