immune system Flashcards
what is a pathogen
anything that causes diseases
what are the 4 main types of pathogens
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasite
what is lymph
A transparent, slightly yellow fluid
How does lymph form
Plasma leaks from capillaries, this bathes body cells, this fluid is then collected by lymph capillaries
where is lymph found and where does it reconnect with the circulatory system
found all over the body
rejoins the circulatory system through ducts near the heart
what are the 3 lines of defence against pathogens
- physical and chemical barriers
- Inflammatory response
- Immunity
List the 8 areas where pathogens can enter the body and name the physical and chemical defences against it if present
eyes (lashes & tears)
ears (wax & hair)
nose (mucous & hair)
mouth (saliva)
throat (mucous & cilia)
skin
stomach (stomach acid)
Groin - STD (hair & acidic environment)
what is the bodies inflammatory response
when the infected body cells become red, swollen, warm, and sore as blood vessels around the injury swell and blood rushes there as well.
out of the three lines of defence which are specific and which are non-specific
physical and chemical - non-specific
inflammatory - non-specific
immunity - specific
What’s an antigen
specifically shaped proteins attached to all substances that enter the body (including pathogens) which the body uses to determine if a substance belongs or not
what are antibodies
Y-shaped proteins that attach to pathogen’s antigens and prevent them from entering cells
what are the steps of the third line of defense
- Pathogen enters bloodstream and is identified by its antigens
- macrophage engulfs pathogen
- antigens of the pathogen get pushed to the surface of the macrophage
- helper t-cells attach to antigens which causes a release of chemicals
- these chemicals go to killer t-cells and b-cells
- b-cells divide in half and become a plasma cell and a memory cell
- plasma cells produce antibodies
- antibodies attach to antigens on pathogens
- macrophage engulfs those pathogens
- killer t-cells destroy infected cells and macrophages
- memory cells keep track of what you’ve been infected with
- suppressor cells slow immune response after the infection’s been fought off
when the body gets infected with the same things twice what happens
the memory b cells remember the antibodies it needs to produce from the first infection and makes twice the amount as the first time in half the time
what are the 4 main blood types
A
B
AB
O
what are the antigens and antibodies found in blood cells for each blood type
Antigens:
A - A
B - B
AB - A and B
O - None
Antibodies:
A - B
B - A
AB - None
O - A and B
