Chapter 18 Flashcards by Lmmmmm Mmmmm

What are the bacterial cocci genera?

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria

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Classification info of Staphylococcus?

Gram-positive and catalase positive

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Classification info of Streptococcus?

Gram-positive and catalase negative

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Classification info of Neisseria?

Gram-negative

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How can I tell whether something is Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Neisseria?

Do a Gram stain. If negative, it’s Neisseria. If positive, then do a catalase test. If that’s positive, it’s Staphylococcus, if it’s negative, it’s Streptococcus

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What is Staphylococcus aureus?

The most important Staphylococcus bacteria. It is coagulase-positive

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What is folliculitis?

Inflammation of hair follicles. Can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

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What are furuncles and carbuncles?

Boils, carbuncles are several furuncles grouped together. Can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

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What is impetigo?

Sores. May be caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

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What is MRSA?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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What is toxigenic disease?

Caused by exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Heat stable enterotoxins cause distress in the digestive system

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What is Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

Exfoliatin toxin causes blisters and red, flaky skin. Can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus

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What is Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

Caused by TSST from Staphylococcus aureus, associated w/ feminine products

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What is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

Coagulase negative. Almost always nosocomial, can happen when your bloodstream is inoculated w/ S. epidermidis from your skin

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What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Coagulase negative. Almost always community-acquired. Can cause UTI in young, sexually active women

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Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?

Protein A, coagulase, slime layer, catalase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, lipase, penicillinase, toxins (cytolytic, exfoliative, toxic-shock, entero-)

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Virulence factors of Staphylococcus epidermidis?

Slime layer, catalase, lipase

Classification systems for Streptococcus?

Lancefield classification system - based on properties of cell walls, into different groups (A, B, C, etc)

Hemolysis or effect bacteria have in presence of blood.
Beta - completely break down RBCs
Alpha - partially break down RBCs
Gamma - do not break down RBCs

What is Streptococcus pyogenes?

A Group A-Beta Streptococcus. Most important Streptococcus.

Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes?

M protein (up to 80 kinds), hyaluronic acid (hides bacteria from leukocytes), deoxyribonuclease (breaks down host DNA), pyrogenic toxins (fever, rash, shock)

What is erysipelas?

A raised rash, similar in texture to a clemetine. Can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

What is Streptococcal pharyngitis?

AKA strep throat, a throat infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes only

Systemic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Scarlet fever, septicemia, pneumonia, Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

How do Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome differ?

Staph. is caused by cotton and feminine products, Strep. is caused by skin infections

What is Rheumatic fever?

A long-term complication from Streptococcus pyogenes, it follows pharyngitis and the specific M proteins can cause the immune system to attack the heart

What is acute glomerulonephritis?

A long-term complication from Streptococcus pyogenes, the specific M proteins can cause the immune system to attack the kidneys, leading to hematuria (bloody urine) and orbital edema (swelling around eyes)

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A long-term complication from Streptococcus pyogenes, it is AKA flesh-eating bacteria. Caused by exotoxin and superantigen

What is Streptococcus agalactiae?

A Group B-Beta Streptococcus, it regularly resides in the vagina (+ pharynx & large intestine) and can be transferred to infant during delivery. Start antibiotics before birth or have a C-section to avoid infection

What is Viridans streptococci?

A N/A-Alpha group. The most important one is Streptococcus mutans

What is Streptococcus mutans?

Part of Viridans streptococci, a N/A-Alpha Streptococcus. Normal flora in the mouth but when built up, causes plaque, cavities, biofilm, etc.

What happens if Streptococcus mutans enters the bloodstream?

This is only really possible during oral surgery, but bacteremia, meningitis, abdominal infection, and tooth abcess can occur. People w/ preexisting heart conditions are at high risk for developing subacute endocarditis, when Strep. mutans grows on the heart lining or valves

What is Streptococcus pneuomoniae?

An N/A-Alpha Streptococcus. Diplococci arrangement. Pneuocococcus is the common name

What is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

60-70% of all bacterial pneumonia (making it typical pneumonia), and meningitis. Otitis media and sinusitis in children as well

What is notable about common names?

All bacteria w/ a common name have a diplococci arrangement (Pneuomococcus, Gonococcus, and Meningococcus)

What is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

AKA Gonococcus, diplococci arrangement. It is a strictly human infection, one of the top 5 most infectious STIs, and has an infectious dose of 100-1,000

Virulence factors of Neisseria gonnorheae?

Fimbriae (for attachment) and IgA protease (inactivates IgA)

What is gonorrhea in newborns?

AKA Ophthalmia neonatorum, babies can get infected as they pass through the birth canal. Prevented by prophylaxis (eye drops) immediately after birth. Can cause blindness in babies when untreated

What is Neisseria meningitidis?

Causes meningitis. AKA Meningococcus. Diplococci arrangement. Can cause Meningococcal disease

What is Meningococcal disease?

Human reservoir and respiratory transmission. Bacteria enter the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, permeate the meninges, and grow in CSF. Very rapid onset, often death. Can be diagnosed w/ spinal tap

Virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis?

Capsule (capsule = vaccine available), fimbriae, IgA protease, and endotoxins