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‱‱ > Chapter 6 & 7 Collaborative > Flashcards

Chapter 6 & 7 Collaborative Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbial nutrition?

A

A process by which chemical compounds (nutrients) are acquired from the environment to sustain life

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2
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

A substance (element or compound) an organism must get from a source outside of its own cells

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3
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Required in large quantities

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4
Q

What are micronutrients or trace elements?

A

Required in small amounts

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5
Q

What are organic nutrients?

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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6
Q

What are inorganic nutrients?

A

Contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

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7
Q

What do all living things need, nutritionally?

A

Carbon source and energy source

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8
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that gets organic carbon from other organisms

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9
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that gets inorganic carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere and is not dependent on other organisms for it

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10
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

An organism that gains energy through chemical compounds

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11
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

An organism that gains energy through photosynthesis

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12
Q

How do substances move across a cell membrane?

A

Passive or active transport

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13
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Does not require energy

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water moves through a semi-permeable membrane

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15
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

High solute concentration inside cell, water exits and cell shrivels

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16
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Low solute concentration inside cell, water enters and cell bursts

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17
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Solute concentration inside and outside of cell is equal, net 0 movement

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18
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

What happens in a hypertonic solution, when a cell shrinks

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19
Q

What is plasmoptysis?

A

What happens in a hypotonic solution, when a cell pops

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20
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy to transport substances

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21
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A form of active transport. Bringing substances into a cell through a vesicle or phagosome

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22
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A form of active transport. Ingesting substances or cells

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23
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A form of active transport. Ingesting fluids

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24
Q

What environmental factors influence microbes and their growth?

A

Niche and adaptations to temperature

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25
Q

What is niche?

A

Totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat. Environmental factors affect the function of metabolic enzymes

Factors include temperature, oxygen requirements, pH, osmotic pressure, and barometric pressure

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26
Q

What are minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures?

A

Minimum - lowest temp that permits microbes growth and metabolism

Maximum - highest temp that permits a microbes growth and metabolism

Optimum - promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism

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27
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

Optimum temperature is cold

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28
Q

What is a mesophile?

A

Optimum temperature is medium, like regular room temp-ish

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29
Q

What is a thermophile?

A

Optimum temperature is hot

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30
Q

What is an anaerobe?

A

Something that does not utilize oxygen

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31
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen, therefore cannot survive in an oxygenated environment

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32
Q

What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?

A

Does not utilize oxygen, but can survive and grow in its’ presence

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33
Q

What is an aerobe?

A

Something that utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it

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34
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Something that cannot grow without oxygen

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35
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

Something that utilizes oxygen but can grow in its absence

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36
Q

What is a microaerophile?

A

Something that requires only a small amount of oxygen

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37
Q

What is a capnophile?

A

A microbe that needs higher than normal levels of CO2

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38
Q

Effects of pH?

A

Neutrophiles - grow between 6-8 neutral pH, majority of organisms

Acidophiles - grow at acidic pH

Alkalinophiles - grow at basic pH

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39
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

2 organisms grow together, which is required by one or both

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40
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

Both members benefit

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41
Q

What is a commensalism relationship?

A

The commensal benefits, the other member is not harmed

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42
Q

What is a parasitic relationship?

A

Parasite is dependent and benefits, host is harmed

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43
Q

What is a syntrophy relationship?

A

Metabolic products of 1 organism is food for another

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44
Q

What is a binary fission?

A

Reproduction where a cell splits into 2 of itself. 1 into 2, 2 into 4, 4 into 8, etc. Causes exponential growth

45
Q

Stages of a growth curve?

A

Lag phase, exponential growth phase, stationary phase, death phase

46
Q

What does the growth curve look like during the lag phase?

A

The line may be flat or slightly curved. Period of adjustment, cells are preparing to divide

47
Q

What is turbidity?

A

A way to analyze population growth; measure of cloudiness in a substance. More cloudiness means more growth

48
Q

What is enumeration of bacteria?

A

A way to analyze population growth; manually or automated counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically

49
Q

What is a capsid?

A

The protein coat of a virus. Along w/ the nucleic acid, it forms a nucleocapsid

50
Q

What is an envelope?

A

Found around some viruses after leaving a host, and unstable outside of a host. Spikes on the outside allow for attachment of the virus to a host cell. Cells lacking an envelope are naked and more stable than enveloped viruses

51
Q

Structures of a virus?

A

Capsid (protein coat), envelope (sometimes, not always), nucleic core (DNA/RNA)

52
Q

What are the 2 structural capsid types?

A

Helical - continuous helix
Icosahedron - 3D symmetrical polygon with triangular faces

53
Q

What are some atypical viruses?

A

Povxiruses and bacteriophages

54
Q

What is the structure of DNA most viruses?

A

Usually double-stranded except for Parvoviridae

55
Q

What is the structure of RNA viruses?

A

Usually single-stranded except for Reoviridae

56
Q

Nomenclature of viruses?

A

Families end in -viridae
Genus end in -virus

57
Q

What does in vitro mean?

A

Outside the body - in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism

58
Q

What does in vivo mean?

A

Inside the body - taking place inside a living organism

59
Q

What is medically significant about viruses?

A

They are the most common cause of acute infections, there are several billion viral infections per year, some have high mortality rates, and viruses may have a contribution to chronic afflictions. Major participants in the earth’s ecosystem

60
Q

Steps of virus replication?

A

Attachment, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, maturation, release (enveloped - budding, naked - lysis)

61
Q

What are saprobes?

A

Organisms that gain energy from dead organisms, such as bacteria and fungi

62
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Anything the organism needs that it cannot produce on its own if it wants to grow

63
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

64
Q

What does growth for cells look like?

A

Division, growth in numbers

65
Q

The human body is a good environment for growth of what?

A

Normal flora

66
Q

What happens during the log phase?

A

Exponential growth of organisms

67
Q

What happens during the stationary phase?

A

Rate of cell birth = rate of cell death due to depleted nutrients, only in closed systems where nutrients are limited and wastes can pile up

68
Q

What happens during the death phase?

A

As limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially. More cells dying than dividing

69
Q

Ways to measure growth?

A

Turbidity, cell counts, and dry weight

70
Q

What are 3 acellular organisms?

A

Viruses, viroids, and prions. All nonliving

71
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

72
Q

What are some obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Viruses, along with rickettsia and chlamydia

73
Q

How would you view viruses?

A

Using an electron microscope

74
Q

What is the core of a virus?

A

The nucleic core of DNA or RNA

75
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria vs shapes of viruses?

A

Viruses - helical and icosahedral
Bacteria - coccus, bacillus, coccobacillus, vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

76
Q

What is the bacterial equivalent of spikes on viruses?

A

Fimbriae

77
Q

Structure of bacteriophages?

A

Like spiders, with an icosahedral shape at top

78
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that only infect bacteria

79
Q

What is reverse transcriptase?

A

An enzyme that turns RNA into DNA

80
Q

Do viruses have metabolic functions?

A

No, they’re not living

81
Q

Why is there no uncoating step in the multiplication cycle of bacteriophages?

A

The genome of bacteriophages directly penetrates, while for viruses, it’s in the nucleocapsid, which has to be uncoated to release the genome

82
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate?

A

In the nucleus of the host

83
Q

Where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

In cytoplasm

84
Q

Where is Hepatitis B?

A

Human liver cells

85
Q

Where is poliovirus?

A

Nerve and intestinal cells

86
Q

Where is rabies?

A

Mammals

87
Q

What are cytopathic effects?

A

Effects caused by viruses on host cells which can be seen using a regular microscope, not necessitating an electron microscope

88
Q

How long does herpes last?

A

Forever, but if it’s not currently presenting, it’s latent

89
Q

What does oncogenic mean?

A

Cancer-causing

90
Q

Steps of multiplication in bacteriophages?

A

Attachment, penetration, synthesis, maturation/assembly, release

91
Q

What do all viruses need to grow?

A

A living host cell

92
Q

What do transformed cells do?

A

They lack contact inhibition and programmed cell death, and therefore cause cancer (rapid cell growth)

93
Q

What are prions?

A

Misfolded proteins. No nucleic acid

94
Q

What are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A

Dangerous, harmful prions. Cause fatal neurogenerative diseases

95
Q

How are prions transmitted?

A

Through ingestion (eating), parenteral (skin), iatrogenic (operations gone wrong), and hereditary means

96
Q

What is significant about prions?

A

They affect the brain but do not trigger an immune response - meaning there are no symptoms and, more importantly, no immune response

97
Q

What does scrapie affect?

A

Sheep and goats

98
Q

What does bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) affect?

A

AKA mad cow disease, cows

99
Q

What does wasting disease affect?

A

Elk

100
Q

What prions can humans get?

A

Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome (CJS), vCJD, and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)

101
Q

Who is Stanley B. Prusiner?

A

The scientist that discovered prions

102
Q

What is the shape of good and bad prions?

A

Good - alpha-helix
Bad - beta-pleated

103
Q

How do prions reproduce?

A

They don’t, they turn good prions into them

104
Q

What are viroids?

A

Short pieces of RNA with no protein coat. They only cause disease in plants

105
Q

What did each scientist do?:
Koch
Lister
Pasteur
Linneais
Semmelweis

A

Koch - Germ theory
Lister - aseptic techniques
Pasteur - father of microbiology, food spoilage
Linneais - taxonomy
Semmelweis - correlated illness of new mothers with doctors coming from morgue

106
Q

What is each flagellar arrangement?

A

Monotrichous - flagella at 1 end
Lophotrichous - 1 end has multiple
Amphitrichous - flagella at 2 ends
Peritrichous - flagella all around

107
Q

What is the dung beetle photo representing?

A

A syntrophy relationship

108
Q

What do special stains reveal?

A

External structures, such as capsules, flagella, and endospores

109
Q

What dye is used to look at endospores?

A

Malachite green dye

‱‱ (20 decks)

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