Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

‱‱ > Chapter 3 & 4 Collaborative > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Collaborative Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bright field microscope?

A

Background is bright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a dark field microscope?

A

Background is dark. Done by adding a disc into the condenser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are fluorescence microscopes?

A

Microscopes that use UV light and fluorescent dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

Forms an image w/ a beam of electrons with waves 100,000x shorter than waves of visible light, causing an extremely high resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

A

It shows internal structures of slides with sliced specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

Provides an external view of the surface of an organism. No slicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

6 I’s of microbiology?

A

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, information gathering, identification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Transferring microbes from 1 area to another, or delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is incubation?

A

Promoting growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is isolation?

A

Isolating a microbe to obtain a pure culture (where only 1 type of organism is growing in a given area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is inspection?

A

Examination
Macroscopic - with eyes
Microscopic - using microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is information gathering?

A

About:
Biochemical traits - such as metabolic enzymes
Immunological testing - such as antigens and antibodies
Genetic typing - gives most information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is identification?

A

Attaching a name or identity to a microbe. Allows you to pick the correct treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is magnification?

A

Enlarging apparent size of an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is resolving power?

A

Smallest separation at which 2 small, separate objects can be distinguished. 0.2 μm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Some key parts of the microscope?

A

Ocular lens/eyepiece, revoling nosepiece, objective lenses, coarse focus knob, fine focus knob, base, arm, light source, iris diaphragm, condenser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the light source?

A

On the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the iris diaphragm?

A

A little lever on top of the condenser, underneath the stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the condenser?

A

Underneath the stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Total magnification is?

A

Objective power x ocular power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is resolution?

A

Capacity to distinguish or separate 2 adjacent objects. AKA clarity of an image. Shorter wavelength = higher resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What mounts are for live cells and what are for dead cells?

A

Live - wet mounts and hanging drop mounts
Dead - fixed mounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a smear?

A

A thin film of solution of microbes on a slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is staining?

A

Coloring microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are basic dyes?
Cationic, positively charged dyes. They are used for positive staining
26
What is positive staining?
The positively-charged basic dye is attracted to the negatively charged microbe, microbe is stained
27
What is an acidic dye?
An anionic, negatively charged dye. Used for negative staining
28
What is negative staining?
The negative microbe repels the negatively-charged dye, causing it to stain the background. Opposites attract
29
What are simple stains?
1 dye is used
30
What are differential stains?
A primary stain and a counterstain, 2 dyes, are used to reveal different structures. Gram stain and acid-fast stains!
31
What is a structural/special stain?
Reveals structures external to the cell such as the capsule, flagella, or endospores
32
How do differential and structural stains work?
If the color you see at the end is the primary stain, it's positive for whatever you're testing for
33
What is a colony?
A substance that has increased in numbers to the point where it is visible with our eyes
34
Most commonly used isolation technique?
A streak plate. Gets organisms growing on surface
35
What is media?
Stuff used to grow microbes
36
How is media classified?
Physical state (liquid, semisolid, solid), chemical composition (synthetic or complex), and functional type (general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, etc)
37
What is agar?
The most commonly used solidifying agent. It's solid at room temp and liquefies at 100°C (boiling)
38
Most commonly used media?
Nutrient broth and nutrient agar, which are complex (since beef extract, an ingredient in both, is not chemically defined)
39
What is a synthetic chemical composition?
A compound which has pure compounds in an exact chemical formula. Everything is known and every quantity is defined
40
What is a complex chemical composition?
At least 1 ingredient is not chemically defined
41
What is general purpose media?
Grows a broad range of microbes
42
What is enriched media?
Media with complex, organic substances to aid in growth
43
What is selective media?
Contains 1 or more ingredients that inhibit growth of some microbes, and encourage growth of desired microbes
44
What is differential media?
Allows growth of several types of microbes and produces visible differences among those microbes
45
What features do all bacteria have?
A cell membrane, a nucleoid/bacterial chromosome, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
46
What features do some bacteria have?
Atypical cell wall, glycocalyx, external structures (flagella and axial filaments), and pili and fimbriae
47
What is a cell membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer embedded w/ proteins which provides a site for nutrient passing/processing and nutrient synthesis. Selectively permeable
48
What are ribosomes?
Organelles which synthesize proteins
49
What is cytoplasm?
A dense gelatinous solution inside cells. Mostly water
50
What is an atypical cell wall?
Mycobacterium - acid-fast Mycoplasma - wallless, no cell wall
51
What is a glycocalyx?
A coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and proteins
52
Functions of glycocalyx?
Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss, inhibits killing by WBCs , contributes to pathogenicity, forms biofilms
53
2 types of glycocalyx?
Slime layer - loosely organized and attached Capsule - highly organized and tightly attached
54
What are external structures?
Flagella and axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili
55
What is the difference between flagella of gram positive and gram negative flagella?
Gram pos - 2 rings Gram neg - 4 rings
56
Flagellar arrangements?
Monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous
57
What is a monotrichous flagella shape?
Single flagella at one end. Think mono for 1
58
What is a lophotrichous flagella shape?
Small bunches emerging on one side
59
What is a amphitrichous flagella shape?
Flagella at both ends. Think ambidextrous, for 2
60
What is a peritrichous flagella shape?
Flagella dispersed all around. Think perimeter
61
What are fimbriae and their functions?
Hairlike bristles emerging from a cell surface which provide adhesion to other cells and surfaces
62
What determines cell shape and prevents lysis?
Structure of cell wall
63
What is pleomorphism?
Variation in cell shape and size within a single species
64
What is Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology?
A five-volume resource covering all known prokaryotes
65
What is sporulation?
The formation of endospores
66
What are endospores?
Inert, resting cells produced by clostridium and bacillus. They have a thick coat, live indefinitely , and arise from vegetative cells
67
What is rickettsia?
An obligate intracellular parasite. Strange in that it's a bacteria, not a virus (as are most other obligate intracellular parasites)
68
What is chlamydias?
An obligate intracellular parasite which can cause a severe eye infection or a lung infection. An STD
69
What are some specific unusual forms of medically significant bacteria?
Rickettsia and chlamydias
70
What 2 genus form endospores?
Clostridium and bacillus
71
What kind of stains are Gram stains and acid-fast stains?
Differential stains of the cell wall
72
When would you use a wet mount?
For looking at a living organism for a short period of time
73
When would you use a hanging drop mount?
For looking at a living organism for a long period of time
74
What cell's wall has mycolic acid?
Mycobacterium, or an acid-fast cell wall. Makes it thick and waxy
75
What can mycobacterium cause?
Leprosy or tuberculosis
76
What stabilizes mycoplasma?
Sterols or cholesterol. It is pleomorphic bc of this
77
What kind of stain would you perform to look for capsules?
A negative stain. Presence of capsules also means the cell cannot be phagocytized
78
What is the best way to identify a microbe?
Looking at its' DNA sequence
79
What is a name for a liquid media?
Broth
80
What is a name for a solid media?
Agar
81
Are nutrient agar and nutrient broth complex or synthetic?
Complex, they contain beef extract that is not chemically defined
82
What is CHROMagar?
A differential media used for determining the cause of a UTI
83
3 domains?
Archaea (prokaryotes), bacteria (prokaryotes), and eukarya
84
What do all living things have?
DNA (and RNA), ribosomes, metabolism, and a cell membrane
85
What are types of eukarya?
Animals (helminths), plants, fungi, protists (protozoa and algae)
86
What are other names for axial filaments?
Periplasmic flagella, endoflagella
87
What are flagella and axial filaments for?
Motility
88
What are fimbriae for?
Attachment
89
What are pili for?
Conjugation
90
What is conjugation?
A partial DNA transfer using pili and exchanging plasmids
91
What is a cell envelope?
A term referring to the cell wall and cell membrane. In humans, lacking cell walls, this is only the cell membrane
92
Traits of gram-positive bacteria?
Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic and lipoteichoic acid, stains purple, 2 rings on flagellum
93
Traits of gram-negative bacteria?
Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), endotoxin, periplasmic space, stains pink, 4 rings on flagellum
94
What is peptidoglycan?
It's present in all *bacteria* that have cell walls. Made of NAG and NAM
95
Ribosome S numbers for prokaryotes?
70S, 50S large subunit and 30s small subunit. P for prime numbers
96
Ribosome S numbers for eukaryotes?
80S, 60S large subunit and 40S small subunit. E for even
97
What are vegetative cells?
Ones that will turn into endospores, in the meantime they are metabolically active and growing
98
What is germination?
A return to vegetative growth (in endospores)
99
What does the staph(ylo) prefix mean?
A cluster, or irregulary shaped
100
What does the strep(to) prefix mean?
A chain
101
What does coccus mean?
Round
102
What does bacillus mean?
Rod
103
What does coccobacillus mean?
Short and plump
104
What does vibrio mean?
Gently curved rod
105
What does spirillum mean?
Spiral, without corkscrew movement
106
What does spirochete mean?
Springlike, with corkscrew movement
107
What does diplo mean?
2
108
What does tetrad mean?
4
109
What does sarcina mean?
8
110
What is a strain?
The smallest unit of organization
111
What do archaea with cell walls have?
Pseudomurein. It's a fake form of peptidoglycan, since only bacteria can have peptidoglycan
112
What are archaea?
Extremophiles. Such as hyperthermophiles and extreme halophiles
113
When would you use a fixed mount?
When looking at dead organisms

‱‱ (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions