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‱‱ > Chapter 13 Collaborative > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Collaborative Flashcards

1
Q

What does normal resident microbiota mean?

A

Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with humans

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2
Q

What is an infection?

A

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe acting as an infectious agent

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4
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

An infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

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5
Q

What are transients?

A

Microbes that occupy the body for short periods. Influenced by hygiene, they don’t grow but just cling to the surface

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6
Q

What are residents?

A

Microbes that become established, stable, predictable, less influenced by hygiene. Primarily bacteria and yeasts

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7
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

When microbiota benefits the host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

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8
Q

What are endogenous infections?

A

They occur when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile

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9
Q

What sites harbor normal resident microbes?

A

Skin and continguous mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, outer opening of urethra, external genitalia, vagina, external ear and canal, external eye

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10
Q

What are some sterile (microbe-free) anatomical sites and fluids?

A

Blood, urine in kidneys, ureters, bladder, CSF, saliva prior to entering oral cavity, semen prior to entering urethra

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11
Q

Where are the most diverse and unique flora of the body located?

A

In the mouth

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12
Q

What kind of bacteria grow best in the intestines?

A

Anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, Clostridium

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13
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Supplements to introduce known microbes back into the body

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14
Q

How do resident microbiota work?

A

They’re generally stable mitrobiota that usually benefit the host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes - microbial antagonism

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15
Q

How is resident flora first introduced to a person?

A

Breaking of the fetal membrane just before birth, and subsequent handling and feeding of the newborn

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16
Q

Most common residents of the mouth?

A

Aerobic Streptococcus species. Such as S. sanguis, S. salivarius, and S. mitis

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17
Q

How many microbes are found in feces?

A

More than/equal to 30% of fecal volume

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18
Q

How can microbes of the large intestine benefit the host?

A

Fermentation of waste materials in feces generates vitamins and acids, and bacterial digestive enzymes can convert disaccharides to monosaccharides or promote steroid metabolism

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19
Q

What flora are in the nasal entrance to the anterior nasopharynx?

A

S. aureus

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20
Q

What flora are in the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx?

A

Neisseria

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21
Q

What flora are found in the tonsils and lower pharynx?

A

Haemophilus

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22
Q

What sites harbor microflora in the genitals of females and males?

A

Females - vagina and outer opening of urethra
Males - anterior urethra

23
Q

How are internal reproductive organs kept sterile?

A

Physical barriers, such as a cervical plug

24
Q

How are the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra kept sterile?

A

By urine flow and bladder emptying

25
Q

How do normal flora assist the body?

A

They create an environment that may prevent infections and enhance host defenses

26
Q

What factors can weaken host defences and increase susceptibility to infection?

A

Old age and extreme youth, genetic and acquired defects in immunity, surgery and organ transplants, organic disease, chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs, physical and mental stress, other infections

27
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogens?

A

True pathogens and opportunistic pathogens

28
Q

What are true pathogens?

A

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.
Influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

29
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in a part of the body that is not natural to them.
Pseudomonas sp. and Candida albicans

30
Q

What is virulence factor?

A

A characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease; anything that allows organism to cause disease.

Ex: slime layer/capsule, fimbriae in E. coli

31
Q

What are exogenous agents?

A

Flora originating from a source outside of the body

32
Q

What are endogenous agents?

A

Flora that already exist in or on the body. Normal flora

33
Q

What is STORCH?

A

Pathogens that can infect during pregnancy and become dangerous

34
Q

What is an infectious dose?

A

The minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed. Inversely related to virulence.

35
Q

How are infectious dose and virulence factor related?

A

They are inversely related. A microbe with a high infectious dose will have a low virulence factor, meaning it cannot easily cause disease and must have a high number of organisms to do so. Likewise, a microbe with a low infectious dose has a high virulence factor since it can easily cause infection.

36
Q

What is the difference between infection and infectious disease?

A

Infection is pathogenic microbes penetrating a host’s defenses, an infectious disease is an infection that causes damage or disruption

37
Q

What are antiphagocytic factors?

A

Factors used to avoid phagocytosis (to survive host defenses)

38
Q

What are leukocidins?

A

Factors toxic to white blood cells, to help survive host defenses

39
Q

What is the slime layer or capsule?

A

A factor that makes phagocytosis difficult. To help survive host defenses

40
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that has poisonous effects on other organs

41
Q

What are toxinoses?

A

Adverse effects of toxins

42
Q

What is toxemia?

A

When a toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection (like tetanus)

43
Q

What is intoxication?

A

Caused by ingestion of toxins. Like botulism

44
Q

What are the types of bacterial toxins?

A

Endotoxin and exotoxin

45
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxin that is not secreted, but released after the host cell is damaged or killed

46
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

A toxin that is secreted by a LIVING bacterial cell into the infected tissue

47
Q

What are the 4 stages of clinical infections?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Period of invasion
  4. Convalescent period
48
Q

What happens during the incubation period of a clinical infection?

A

First stage. Time from first contact w/ infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms. Microbe is multiplying but no symptoms

49
Q

What happens during the prodromal stage of a clinical infection?

A

Second stage. Vague feelings of discomfort, nonspecific complaints

50
Q

What happens during the period of invasion in a clinical infection?

A

Third stage. Microbe multiplies at high levels, become well-established, more specific signs and symptoms

51
Q

What happens during the convalescent period of a clinical infection?

A

Fourth and final stage. As person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline

52
Q

During which stage of a clinical infection can the disease be transmitted?

A

ANY stage. Also, the number of microbes is directly related to the intensity of the symptoms

53
Q

What is a sign?

A

Objective evidence of disease noted by an observer

54
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient

‱‱ (20 decks)

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