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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of microorganisms

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2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye, requiring a microscope to study

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3
Q

What are the categories of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and helminths (worms)

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4
Q

What are some fun facts about bacteria and fungi?

A

We have more bacteria than our own cells in our bodies

Fungi are not motile, meaning they don’t move

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5
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Where, when, and why disease occurs

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6
Q

What is the CDC?

A

Center for disease control and prevention

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7
Q

What is WHO?

A

World health organization

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8
Q

What is MMWR?

A

Morbidity and mortality weekly report

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9
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Using microbes to produce something such as foods, drugs, and vaccines

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10
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Alteration of genetic makeup of organisms

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11
Q

What is industrial microbiology?

A

Scaling up processes to make big quantities of a desired product

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12
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of the immune system. Includes blood testing, vaccination, and allergy

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13
Q

What is agricultural microbiology?

A

Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

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14
Q

What are food microbiologists?

A

Impact of microbes on food supply. Such as food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production

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15
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Simple cells. They lack nuclei and organelles and are unicellular. They came first in history and are usually rod-shaped

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16
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Complex cells. They contain nuclei and organelles. Some are unicellular, some types vary, and some are multicellular

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17
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein. They are nonliving and have either DNA or RNA (unlike living things, which have both)

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18
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

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19
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

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20
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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21
Q

Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Neither, they aren’t cells at all

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22
Q

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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23
Q

Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Are algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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25
Q

Are helminths prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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26
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

27
Q

Are microbes free-living?

A

Yes, they don’t rely on other organisms for life, except for parasites

28
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microbes that do harm.
Nearly 1500 different microbes cause human diseases
10M+ deaths from infections per year worldwide
Majority of deaths from infections are concentrated in developing countries

29
Q

Theory of biogenesis?

A

Idea that living things can only arise from other living things. Opposed to the old, outdated belief of spontaneous generation

30
Q

Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?

A

He made a microscope and was the first to observe living microbes. He sketched his findings in his diarrhea so accurately that it could be identified as Giardia

31
Q

Who is Dr. Jenner?

A

Father of vaccination. He scratched a boy with cowpox lesion juice and transferred immunity of smallpox to him

32
Q

What are endospores?

A

Heat-resistant bacteria

33
Q

What is sterility?

A

Elimination of all life forms including endospores, viruses, and prions

34
Q

Who is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes?

A

He observed that women giving birth at home had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals

35
Q

Who is Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

He correlated infections of women giving birth at hospitals with physicians coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward

36
Q

Who is Joseph Lister?

A

Father of aseptic techniques

37
Q

What are some easy ways to remember which doctor/scientist did what?

A

Dr. HOLMES- discovered women birthing at HOME were healthier

Joseph Lister - aseptic like LISTERINE

Louis Pasteur - spoilage and fermentation and PASTEURIZATION

38
Q

Major contributors to germ theory of disease and microbiology?

A

Louis Pasteur mostly. Robert Koch too

39
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?

A

Showed that microbes caused fermentation and spoilage. Made pasteurization

40
Q

What is germ theory of disease?

A

Diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body

41
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Organizing, classifying, and naming living things

42
Q

Who is Carl von Linne (or Linneis)?

A

He originated taxonomy, nomenclature, classification, and identification

43
Q

Levels of classification from largest to smallest unit?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain

44
Q

Trick to remember levels of classification?

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Salty Soup

45
Q

What are subtypes of domain?

A

Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.
Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes, eukarya is eukaryotic

46
Q

True or false: organisms in the same family are in the same class

A

True

47
Q

How are scientific names assigned?

A

Using binomial nomenclature. The first name, capitalized, is Genus, the second, lowercase, is species. Both are italicized or underlined

48
Q

What are bacteria?

A

True bacteria

49
Q

What are archaea?

A

Odd bacteria living in extreme environments

50
Q

What are eukarya?

A

A domain containing a nucleus and organelles

51
Q

Microbiology is the study of…

A

Microorganisms

52
Q

Prokaryotes are organisms that lack ____ and _____ whereas eukaryotes have _____

A

Nuclei, organelles, both

53
Q

Bioremediation involves the use of microbes to…

A

Remedy an environmental problem

54
Q

Other than bioremediation list 4 other benefits for microbes.

A

1) Genetic engineering
2) Understanding immunology
3) Understanding food microbiology
4) Understanding agriculture

55
Q

Microbes that enter into and damage a host are termed….

A

Pathogens

56
Q

Compare and contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis.

A

Spontaneous generation says that living things come from nonliving entities, like maggots from a corpse, or frogs from mud. Biogenesis says that life can only come from other living beings. Both are theories on where life comes from

57
Q

Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation with his invention of the swan-neck (s-shaped) flask?

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

Van Leeweunhoek was credited with the first _____. He described the tiny beings he saw as ______.

A

Microscope, little animals

59
Q

Define nomenclature

A

Choosing of names for things

60
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Branch of science focused on classification (mostly of organisms)

61
Q

Write the proper nomenclature for a microbe and explain how handwriting nomenclature is different from typed nomenclature.

A

First name is capitalized and is the genus, second name is lowercase and is the species. The names are italicized when typed and underlined when handwritten

62
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus?
1) Contains a nucleus
2) Has 80S ribosomes
3) Useful in decomposition
4) Is photosynthetic

A

4.

1 - true, fungi are eukaryotic
2 - unsure, do not touch
3 - true
4 - NOT true, fungi and mold grow in dark, damp areas and do not use light to grow
Therefore it is 2

63
Q

The 3 domains of life are: _____, ______, and _____

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

64
Q

The study of evolutionary relatedness of organisms to a common ancestor is known as _____

A

Phylogeny

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