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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of microorganisms

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2
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye, requiring a microscope to study

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3
Q

What are the categories of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and helminths (worms)

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4
Q

What are some fun facts about bacteria and fungi?

A

We have more bacteria than our own cells in our bodies

Fungi are not motile, meaning they don’t move

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5
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Where, when, and why disease occurs

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6
Q

What is the CDC?

A

Center for disease control and prevention

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7
Q

What is WHO?

A

World health organization

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8
Q

What is MMWR?

A

Morbidity and mortality weekly report

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9
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Using microbes to produce something such as foods, drugs, and vaccines

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10
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Alteration of genetic makeup of organisms

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11
Q

What is industrial microbiology?

A

Scaling up processes to make big quantities of a desired product

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12
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of the immune system. Includes blood testing, vaccination, and allergy

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13
Q

What is agricultural microbiology?

A

Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

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14
Q

What are food microbiologists?

A

Impact of microbes on food supply. Such as food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production

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15
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Simple cells. They lack nuclei and organelles and are unicellular. They came first in history and are usually rod-shaped

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16
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Complex cells. They contain nuclei and organelles. Some are unicellular, some types vary, and some are multicellular

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17
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein. They are nonliving and have either DNA or RNA (unlike living things, which have both)

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18
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

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19
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

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20
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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21
Q

Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Neither, they aren’t cells at all

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22
Q

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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23
Q

Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Are algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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25
Are helminths prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
26
What is bioremediation?
Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem
27
Are microbes free-living?
Yes, they don't rely on other organisms for life, except for parasites
28
What are pathogens?
Microbes that do harm. Nearly 1500 different microbes cause human diseases 10M+ deaths from infections per year worldwide Majority of deaths from infections are concentrated in developing countries
29
Theory of biogenesis?
Idea that living things can only arise from other living things. Opposed to the old, outdated belief of spontaneous generation
30
Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
He made a microscope and was the first to observe living microbes. He sketched his findings in his diarrhea so accurately that it could be identified as Giardia
31
Who is Dr. Jenner?
Father of vaccination. He scratched a boy with cowpox lesion juice and transferred immunity of smallpox to him
32
What are endospores?
Heat-resistant bacteria
33
What is sterility?
Elimination of all life forms including endospores, viruses, and prions
34
Who is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes?
He observed that women giving birth at home had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals
35
Who is Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis?
He correlated infections of women giving birth at hospitals with physicians coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward
36
Who is Joseph Lister?
Father of aseptic techniques
37
What are some easy ways to remember which doctor/scientist did what?
Dr. HOLMES- discovered women birthing at HOME were healthier Joseph Lister - aseptic like LISTERINE Louis Pasteur - spoilage and fermentation and PASTEURIZATION
38
Major contributors to germ theory of disease and microbiology?
Louis Pasteur mostly. Robert Koch too
39
What did Louis Pasteur do?
Showed that microbes caused fermentation and spoilage. Made pasteurization
40
What is germ theory of disease?
Diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body
41
What is taxonomy?
Organizing, classifying, and naming living things
42
Who is Carl von Linne (or Linneis)?
He originated taxonomy, nomenclature, classification, and identification
43
Levels of classification from largest to smallest unit?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain
44
Trick to remember levels of classification?
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Salty Soup
45
What are subtypes of domain?
Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes, eukarya is eukaryotic
46
True or false: organisms in the same family are in the same class
True
47
How are scientific names assigned?
Using binomial nomenclature. The first name, capitalized, is Genus, the second, lowercase, is species. Both are italicized or underlined
48
What are bacteria?
True bacteria
49
What are archaea?
Odd bacteria living in extreme environments
50
What are eukarya?
A domain containing a nucleus and organelles
51
Microbiology is the study of...
Microorganisms
52
Prokaryotes are organisms that lack ____ and _____ whereas eukaryotes have _____
Nuclei, organelles, both
53
Bioremediation involves the use of microbes to...
Remedy an environmental problem
54
Other than bioremediation list 4 other benefits for microbes.
1) Genetic engineering 2) Understanding immunology 3) Understanding food microbiology 4) Understanding agriculture
55
Microbes that enter into and damage a host are termed....
Pathogens
56
Compare and contrast spontaneous generation and biogenesis.
Spontaneous generation says that living things come from nonliving entities, like maggots from a corpse, or frogs from mud. Biogenesis says that life can only come from other living beings. Both are theories on where life comes from
57
Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation with his invention of the swan-neck (s-shaped) flask?
Louis Pasteur
58
Van Leeweunhoek was credited with the first _____. He described the tiny beings he saw as ______.
Microscope, little animals
59
Define nomenclature
Choosing of names for things
60
Define taxonomy
Branch of science focused on classification (mostly of organisms)
61
Write the proper nomenclature for a microbe and explain how handwriting nomenclature is different from typed nomenclature.
First name is capitalized and is the genus, second name is lowercase and is the species. The names are italicized when typed and underlined when handwritten
62
Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus? 1) Contains a nucleus 2) Has 80S ribosomes 3) Useful in decomposition 4) Is photosynthetic
4. 1 - true, fungi are eukaryotic 2 - unsure, do not touch 3 - true 4 - NOT true, fungi and mold grow in dark, damp areas and do not use light to grow Therefore it is 2
63
The 3 domains of life are: _____, ______, and _____
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
64
The study of evolutionary relatedness of organisms to a common ancestor is known as _____
Phylogeny

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