INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Clinical chemistry tests measure ____ of substances (ions, molecules, complexes in body fluids.
concentrations or activities
This is a Quantitative science section in laboratory medicine that primarily quantity or counts the CONCENTRATION of the different analytes in the body and specifically with the substances such as whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid in our system.
Clinical Chemistry
Clinical chem entails 3 factors in laboratory, what are those?
handling, maintenance, and troubleshooting
Machines are called
automated analyzers
- It is a branch of laboratory medicine that is concerned with the ____ in body fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases.
quantitative measurement of analytes
– substances that we measure are called
analytes
give an example of analytes
Proteins
Enzymes
Metabolites (sugar and lipids)
Drugs
Ions,
salts,
minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium, etc.)
Clinical importance of protein allows us to diagnose and check the status of what organ
liver
why do high presence of protein in blood shows possible damaged of liver?
associated to liver disorders as most of the proteins are synthesized by the liver
what is the importance of enzyme in cc?
To detect organ damage
What is the importance of metabolites (sugar and lipids ) in CC?
Increase in cases of sedentary lifestyle. Also, Metabolites are usually high if there’s metabolic syndromes
What is the importance of drugs in CC?
it will measure a concentration of drugs
A method that will measure the concentration of drugs is called ___
TDM - therapeutic drug monitoring
what is the most common body fluid in cc?
blood
What type of blood sample will you expect in CC section?
Serum
- The methods to measure these substances are carefully designed to provide accurate assessments of the concentrations
Where does the method come from?
Derived from the reference method
is a method of acceptable accuracy and precision
All the analytes have undergone different studies and they all have their own reference method
reference method
clinical chem can be a science, service, and industry
- as a ___, it links the knowledge of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry with an understanding of human physiology–
science
clinical chem can be a science, service, and industry
- as a ___, it produces objective evidence from which medical decisions may be made
service
clinical chem can be a science, service, and industry
- as an ___, clinical laboratories are businesses, which operate under the regulations and practices that guide commerce in the United States.
Clinical chem can open a clinical laboratory
industry
what are the scope of cc
computers
biochemistry
instrumentation
pharmacology’
endocrinology
immunology
toxicology/forensic toxicology
analytical chemistry
scope of clinical chemistry that is also called laboratory information system
computers
connecting the patient information, the details in a laboratory information system or computer “Technology” we are dealing with the incorporation of different laboratory identifiers or identifications to the technology or computer
laboratory infomation system
one of the scopes of the clinical chem that is Dealing with the four fundamental biomolecules
biochemical
what are the 4 fundamental biomolecules
lipids, protein, glucose, nucleic acid
one of the scope of clinical chem that is focused in
Automations, Machines, and the way we troubleshoot. – Analyzer
one of the scope of clinical them that is focused on drugs
pharmacology
- The branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.
e.g. measure the level of the hormones
endocrinology
one of the scope in cc
The toxic substances in the body could also trace them.
e.g. blood alcohol level testing
TOXICOLOGY/ FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
Deals with the measurement also of
different substances
Different measurement
Different apparatus
analytical chemistry
2 types of test in Clinical Chem
Core test and specialized test
type of test in clinical chem that is
Routinely being ordered or done
They are very easy to perform
core test
a core test: glucose
is one of the testing diagnosis for what health condition?
Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
what are the test we can conduct in glucose?
- Fasting blood sugar or FBS
- Random blood sugar (RBS)
- (HbA1c)Hemoglobin A1C or Glycosylated hemoglobin
- Glycated albumin or fructosamine
- Oral glucose tolerance test
- 2 hour postprandial test
a glucose test that is Requiring 6-8 hours of fasting
fasting blood sugar or FBS
a glucose test that Does not require fasting//can measure anytime of the day
random blood sugar or RBS
Measure of the average blood glucose level – average of 3 months period
- (HbA1c)Hemoglobin A1C or Glycosylated hemoglobin
Measure of the average blood glucose level – average of 17-21 days period
- Glycated albumin or fructosamine
A confirmatory test for gestational diabetes mellitus
- Oral glucose tolerance test
how many blood collection does oral glucose tolerance test need?
3-4 times blood collection
Measures how well your body metabolizes sugar
- 2 hour postprandial test
blood sample needed for a glucose test that needs fasting
fbs - serum
blood sample needed for a glucose test that is related to fbs but doesn’t need fasting
rbs - serum
blood sample needed for a glucose test that measures the average blood glucose level in an average of 3 months
HbA1c - WHOLE BLOOD
blood sample needed for a glucose test that measures the average blood glucose level in an average of 17-21 days
whole blood for* Glycated albumin or fructosamine
blood sample needed for a glucose test that is for the confirmatory test for gestational dm
serum for oral glucose tolerance test
blood sample for a glucose test that measure how well your body metabolize sugar
serum for 2 hr post prandial test
- Test that detects the status of the kidney
renal function test
renal function test detects the ability of the kidney to what?
to excrete, reabsorb, concentrates
- They are being done in order for us to test for the function of your kidney
renal function test
termed as Renal blood flow test or NPN’s (non-protein nitrogens)
urea- creatinine- uric acid
give the tests under liver or hepatic function panel
bilirubin test, TPAG, ALP, AST, ALT,
3 bilirubin test
b1, b2, and tb
which bilirubin test is the indirect bilirubin
b1
which bilirubin test is the DIRECT bilirubin
b2
how do we compute for the TB or the total bilirubin test?
adding b1 and b2
what does TPAG stands for
total protein, albumin/globulin
ALP test stands for
alkaline phosphatase
AST test stands for
Aspartate Aminotransferase/ aspartate transaminase /
AST or Aspartate Aminotransferase/ aspartate transaminase is also known as
SGOT
ALT test stands for
Alanine aminotransferase/ Alanine Transaminase/
ALT test – Alanine aminotransferase/ Alanine Transaminase/ is also known as
SGPT
are alp, ast, and alt enzymes or electrolytes?
enzymes