Bio3

Question 1

Monosaccharides

Answer 1

Monosaccharides (CnH2nOn) are the easiest to digest. Ones with more than one chiral center have alpha and beta versions. Glucose, fructose and galactose are isomers, with carbon four hydroxides above (beta) or below (alpha) their carbon chains. Fructose is also a ketone, not an aldose. Glucose and galactose all have carbon 1 and carbon 2 hydroxides below the carbon chain and an oxygen between carbon one and the methanol on carbon 5. Reactions of monosaccharides are 2 ants go make a good fort sneakily, a game books generally lack where The ‘generally’ is galactose. Lactose is a beta glycosidic bond.

Question 2

functional groups in macromolecules

Answer 2

Carboxyl, amino and amides are in proteins. Alkenes are in lipids. hydroxyls and carbonyls for carbs

Question 3

lipids

Answer 3

Lipids can store twice as much energy as carbs. They also make up hormones and function for thermal insulation. They are liquid in plants. The types of lipids are Steroids, waxes, phospholipids and fats. They contain fatty acids, chains of carbon and hydrogen. Steroids are all based on four carbon rings and have differing functional groups added on. A Type of dteroid, cholestérol, is in the cell membrane and controls fluidity. Waxes are hydrophobic, malleable groups of long fatty acids attached to carbon rings or an alcohol. A type of wax called cutin coats plants, helping them conserve water and avoid disease. Phospholipids and fats both have a glycerol, but fats have three fatty acids and phospholipids have two. Phospholipids also have a phosphate and R group. Phospholipids are amphiphilic.

Question 4

Derivatives of nucleotides

Answer 4

NAD, FAD and RAD