2bio4 Flashcards
glycolysis
-morphemes
-location
-What goes in and comes out
-Which step makes stuff or uses it
-what happens after
Glycolysis comes from glyco, meaning sugar, and lysis, to separate. It is anaerobic so it happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose, two atps and two NAD+ go in. Two pyruvate, four atps and two NADHs come out. The two atps are used in steps one and three, and atps are made in steps seven and ten. This makes four atps because steps 6-10 occur twice. Atps are made via Substrate level phosphorylation. NAD+ is needed because it oxidizes the G3Ps. NADH is in the cytosol so its electrons must be transported into the matrix. This can be done with the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate aspartate shuttle. Cells that use the glycerol phosphate shuttle make 2 atp per NADH. In cells that use the malate aspartate shuttle, oxidative phosphorylation makes 34 atp. Step nine involves a dehydration reaction. After glycolysis, glucose still has 75% of its energy left. If no oxygen is present the pyruvates are eliminatesd, but in the presence of oxygen they are transported to the mitochondrial matrix
pyruvate oxidation
-goal
-phases
-what comes out
-where stuff goes to
The goal of pyruvate oxidation is to convert the pyruvate for glycolysis into acetyl co A. Two NAD+ also go in. The first phase is Decarboxylation, which is where a carbon from each pyruvate is oxidized, becoming CO2. The next phase is oxidation where each pyruvate reduces an NADH. In the third phase an coenzyme A group is added to each molecule, which is now 2 carbons long. Two acetyl coA, two NADH and two CO2 come out. The acetyl coA goes to the Krebs cycle, the NADH goes to the ETC and the CO2 is exhaled.
the krebs cycle
-other name
-steps
-where everything is made
-What goes in and comes out
-substrates
The Krebs cycle is also called the citric acid cycle because critic acid is the first stable substrate. It has eight steps. The Krebs cycle is the only process that makes FADH2 and it is made in step six. NADH is made in steps three, four and eight. Steps three and four also make CO2. Step seven has a hydrolysis reaction. 2 acetly coA, 2 FAD and 6 NAD+ go in, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and 4 CO2 come out. The substrates are Can Ice Keep Salty Snacks Frozen MO.
