5bio1 Flashcards
Hormones
-hypothalamus
-prolactin
-growth hormone
-thyroid stimulating hormone
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-follicle stimulating hormone
-endorphins
-posterior pituitary
-adrenal cortex
-pineal gland
-thyroid
-parathyroid hormone
The hypothalamus releases growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone or somatostatin. These hormones target the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary releases prolactin which modulates breast development and lactation, growth hormone which stimula growth of bone and soft tissues and modulates aspects of metabolism, thyroid stimulating hormone which stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and release of thyroid hormones, Adrenocorticotropic hormone which stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands, follicle stimulating hormone which modulates gamete development, and endorphins which inhibit pain perception. The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which promotes uterine contractions and lactation. The adrenal cortex release cortisol, which promotes the breakdown of proteins and fats increasing blood glucose. The pineal gland produces melatonin, which synchronizes the biological clock with the day. Thyroid hormone modulates metabolism. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium level.
Dynamic equilibrium define
Tendency to keep a stable internal environment
Steroid hormones
-membranes
-nucleus
-examples
Steroid hormones easily diffuse through cell membranes because they are made of lipids. Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus, and the hormone receptor complex initiates expression of a gene. Examples of steroid hormones are sex hormones.
Protein hormone
-membranes
-examples
-cascade
Protein hormones must bind to receptors on cell membranes, initiating signal transduction and indirectly activating an enzyme that turns atp to cyclic amp, camp then activates a cascade that intensifies the effect of the hormones. Examples of protein hormones are growth hormone and insulin.
Innate system
-barriers
-humoral and cellular parts
It’s physiological barriers are skin, mucous membranes, tears, cilia and resident bacteria. The humoral innate includes inflammation and the complement system. The adaptive innate includes phagocytes, mast cells, granulocytes and lymphocytes.
Phagocytes type
.macrophages and cytokines to recruit granulocytes and lymphocytes. Dendritic cells present pieces of an antigen on their membrane.
Granulocytes
-location
-degranulation
-target
-eating
They reside in blood and move into tissues when recruited. They have cytotoxic granules that kill foreign cells via degranulation. Neutrophils target bacteria and fungi and eosinophilia target multicellular parasites. Neutrophils phagocytose and degranulation but eosinophils only degranulate. Neutrophils are the moat common leukocytes.
Natural killer cells
-attack what
-punch holed
Those attack cells infected by viruses and tumour cells. They release granules that punch holes in a cell membrane and cause cell lysis
The complement system
-constituents
-functions
-MAC
It consists of many plasma proteins activated by the detection of an antigen. It enhances phagocytosis, attract phagocytes and lyses cells. A cascade of reactions results in formation of the membrane attack complex.
B cells
-helper T
-cytokines
-plasma and memory
They put antigens on their membrane and present it to a helper T. They are activated by cytokines the helper T produces. Some make antibodies only for a short time. Those are plasma cells. Others become memory cells.
Antibodies
-identity
-blood
-functions
They are proteins with a high affinity for an antigen. They are released into the blood stream. They neutralize the antigen, enhance phagocytosis and complement activation.
Vaccination
-passive vs active
Passive is injection of antibodies for an antigen and active is the injection of the antigen. The active initiates an immune response and the passive diminishes over time
Allergy
-overreact
-histamines
It is an overreaction to an often harmless antigen that results in overproduction of histamines and an extreme inflammatory response.
