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Bacteriology & Mycology > Infections of the Skin III (5) > Flashcards

Infections of the Skin III (5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is another word for ringworm?

A

dermatophytosis

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2
Q

What are the 3 fungi that cause dermatophytosis?

A

microsporum
trichophyton
epidermophyton

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3
Q

What are the 2 fungal general that cause dermatophytosis?

A

microsporum
trichophyton

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4
Q

Epidermophyton is usually in [people/animals]

A

people - rare for animals but can acquire it from humans

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5
Q

_____ is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals

A

M. canis

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6
Q

M. canis is characterized by what features?

A

large, rough thick-walled multiseptate macroconidia

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7
Q

Contrast macroconidia and microconidia - genus microsporum

A

macroconidia: vary in shape from fusiform to obovate - pin-walled and multi-septed

microconidia: sessile or stalked, clavate, and usually arranged singly along the hyphae

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8
Q

In the genus trichophyton, what are the most common veterinary pathogens among the 20 species in this genus?

A

t. mentagrophytes

t. equinum

t. verrucosum

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9
Q

Macroconidia in the genus trichophyton have what characteristics?

A

cylindrical, clavate to cigar shaped

usually thin-walled and smooth that are produced rarely and in small numbers

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10
Q

In genus trichophyton, members of both genera attack ______

A

hair
skin
nails
horns
claws

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11
Q

What are clinical signs of dermatophytosis?

A

characterized by alopecia, erythema, scaling, crusting, annular-ringed lesions, vesicles or papules

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12
Q

Infections caused by [Microsporum spp./Trichophyton spp.] are usually more severe because more ______ is associated with it

A

Trichophyton

inflamation

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13
Q

Where is canine ringworm generally found?

A

commonly on face, elbows, and paws

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14
Q

In canine ringworm, infection by _____ leads to intense inflammation - swelling, ulceration, and purulent exudation

A

T. mentagrophytes

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15
Q

What is kerion?

A

intense inflammation

discussed in context of T. mentagrophytes

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16
Q

What is feline ringworm primarily caused by?

A

M. canis

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17
Q

What species serves as the primary reservoir for M. canis?

A

felines

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs for ringworm in felines?

A

often asymptomatic and thus may pose a public health risk

when clinically, common site is head - circular areas of stubbed hair, alopecia, and mild scaling to folliculitis and generalized hair loss

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19
Q

Feline ringworm is most common in _______

A

kittens who have immature immune systems

adults with debilitating disease or immune deficiency

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20
Q

M. canis in felines can cause what kind of inflammation? It is characterized by ______

A

feline otitis

persistent waxy, ceruminous otic discharge

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21
Q

What is the most common disease of cattle? Who is more susceptible?

A

bovine ringworm

calves and incidence is higher in winter

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22
Q

Most bovine ringworm infections are caused by _______

A

trichophyton verrucosum

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23
Q

What do bovine ringworm lesions look like?

A

circular, scattered, and accompanied by skin scaling and alopecia

large circumscribed plaques may develop, with the formation of thick scabs and crusts

severe inflammation, pruritic, and secondary bacterial infection may occur

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24
Q

Porcine ringworm infections are most commonly caused by _____

A

microsporum nanum

followed by M. gypseum, M. canis, T. mentagrophytes

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25
Q

What are the 2 most common agents of equine dermatophytosis?

A

trichophyton equinum

M. gypseum

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26
Q

T/F: Porcine ringworm commonly causes alopecia

A

FALSE - does not

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27
Q

Equine ringworm causes a _______ appearance due to inflammation and production of exudates causing hair to mat together and enlarged lesions

A

moth-eaten appearance

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28
Q

Equine ringworm infections are [chronic/self-limiting] and [do/do not] recur under stress

A

chronic
do

also subclinical

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29
Q

What is the pathogen for poultry ringworm?

A

M. gallinae

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30
Q

Poultry ringworm infection is called ______ commonly. What is it characterized by?

A

favus or white comb

white patches on the comb of infected male birds are present

these patches may enlarge and coalesce so that the entire comb is covered with a thick white
coating

occasionally, the disease may extend into the feathers

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31
Q

How does dermatophytes enter the skin?

A

through abrasions

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32
Q

T/F: Dermatophytes invade or survive on living cells or areas of intense inflammation

A

FALSE - do not

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33
Q

What are the virulence factors for dermatophytes?

A

proteases, keratinases, and elastases

34
Q

Infection with dermatophytes evokes a ________. As a result, fungal growth stops and moves to the ______. This continues and leads to circular lesions with healing in the center

A

intense inflammatory response

next hair follicle

35
Q

The dermatophyte test medium have cultures incubated at 25 to 30 C except if _______ is suspected

A

T. verrucosum

36
Q

Growth with [red/yellow] during a DTM test indicates a dermatophyte before 10 days

A

red - alkaline

(yellow - acid)

37
Q

What are the growth requirements for T. equinum and T. verrucosum?

A

equinum: nicotinic acid

verrucosum: inositol and thiamine

38
Q

[Trichophyton/Microsporidia] is harder to identify

A

trichophyton

39
Q

T/F: Dermatophytes have zoonotic potential

A

TRUE

40
Q

What is seborrheic dermatitis in dogs?

A

caused by lipophilic yeasts belonging to Malassezia

41
Q

In dogs, M. ______ also causes otitis externa

A

M. pachydermatitis

42
Q

Malassezia [are / are not] part of the normal cutaneous flora of animals

A

are

43
Q

Malassezia are _____ pathogens

A

opportunistic

44
Q

What are pre-disposing factors to Malassezia?

A

high humidity and excessive wax accumulation
hairy and pendulous ears
neoplasm
allergies
change in quality or quantity of sebum
recent antibiotic or glucocorticoid therapy
trauma

45
Q

What are clinical signs of dermatitis in dogs?

A

occur as regionalized disease, affecting ventral abdomen, face, feet, neck, perineum, leg folds, generalized disorder

hyperpigmentation and lichenification

46
Q

What are the predisposing factors in dermatitis that allow for the proliferation of yeast?

A

allergies

seborrhea (excessive discharge of sebum)

47
Q

In dermatitis in dogs, clinical signs may be the result of an _____ to metabolic by-products of the yeast

A

allergic reaction

48
Q

What is the zoonotic potential for Malassezia pachydermatitis?

A

emerging zoonotic pathogen

49
Q

What is sporotrichosis?

A

relatively common disease of humans and animals caused by sporothrix scheneckii

50
Q

Sporotrichosis is caused by

A

sporothrix schenckii

51
Q

What are the 3 clinical syndromes for sporotrichosis (dogs)?

A

cutaneous

lymphocutaneous

disseminated

52
Q

What is the predominant syndrome for sporotrichosis?

A

lymphocutaneous - nodules along lymphatics

53
Q

In sporotrichosis, lesions begins at ______ and consists of ______

A

at the point of entry

subcutaneous nodules that ulcerate and heal

54
Q

Are lesions painful and/or pruritic in sporotrichosis?

A

NO - neither

55
Q

What are the characteristics of sporothrix schenckii?

A

thermally dimorphic

dematiaceous fungus

56
Q

How is sporothrix schenckii inoculated into the skin (conidia). What is the disease called in humans?

A

inoculated by puncture wounds from thorns or bites

rose handlers disease

57
Q

How does s. schenckii enter the skin?

A

through broken skin - either conidia or mycelia

58
Q

Once s. schenckii gain access inside the host, what happens?

A

the mycelial form changes to yeast or parasitic form

59
Q

In s. schenckii regarding lymphocutaneous manifestations, it begins as _____

A

single or multiple indurated erythematous nodules at site of entry

60
Q

S. schenckii nodules contain _____ and ______, and as infection spreads along lymphatics, what appears and happens?

A

microabscesses
granulomas

more nodules appear, ulcerate, and drain

61
Q

What are the virulence factors for S. schenckii?

A

thermotolerance

acid phosphates, proteinases I and II

adhesion

62
Q

To diagnose s. schenckii, what do you look for microscopically in feline specimens?

A

small round to oval to cigar-shaped yeast cells

63
Q

In s. schenckii, what is special about cat lesions compared to other species?

A

cats tend to have large numbers of yeast cells

64
Q

How can you diagnose s. schenckii?

A

microscope direct examination - feline

culture - sabouraud dextrose agar

brain-hart infusion agar supplemented with 5% blood

65
Q

What is treatment for sporotrichosis in humans and animals? Which species is exempt?

A

iodide

cats

66
Q

Why can cats not have iodide to treat sporotrichosis? What do they get instead?

A

they are very sensitive

itraconazole

67
Q

What is the zoonotic potential for sporotrichosis? Which species?

A

feline sporotrichosis

those in contact with cats

68
Q

Infected felines with sporotrichosis shed _____ in their ________

A

fungi

lesion exudates and feces

69
Q

What is pythiosis?

A

a chronic granulomatous disease

70
Q

What is pythiosis caused by?

A

pythium insidiosum - a fungal-like organism associated with water

71
Q

What does pythium insidiosum lack?

A

chitin

ergosterol

72
Q

Species most affected by pythiosis are _____ and _____

A

horses

dogs

73
Q

What is equine pythiosis?

A

cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis in horses

74
Q

What does equine pythiosis result in?

A

chronic granulomatous, ulcerative lesions of the limbs and ventral abdomen

75
Q

Describe the lesions of equine pythiosis

A

pruritic

discharge a mucosanguineous exudate

often are self-traumatized

lesions contain kunkers or leeches which are irregular, yellowish concretions that form in sinus tracts

76
Q

What are kunkers or leeches? Which disease?

A

irregular, yellowish concretions that form in sinus tracts

equine pythiosis

77
Q

Equine pythiosis agent appears as _____

A

large, hyaline, non-septate hyphae

culture is needed for definitive diagnosis from zygomycosis

78
Q

T/F: In equine pythiosis, response to treatment therapy is poor

A

TRUE

79
Q

What is canine pythiosis?

A

a cutaneous, subcutaneous, and GI disease in dogs

80
Q

Canine pythiosis is mainly seen as an ________; however, subcutaneous lesions do occur

A

infiltrative, pyogranulomatous enteritis

Bacteriology & Mycology (39 decks)

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