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From Flashcardlet > -B01 Perry:Glossary. > Flashcards

-B01 Perry:Glossary. Flashcards

0
Q

Accelerometer

A

An instrument that measures the rate of change of speed (i.e. Acceleration)

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1
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

Active

A

Muscle contraction provides the effective force

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3
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body

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4
Q

Assistive devices

A

Walking aids such as crutches, canes, walkers

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5
Q

Aerobic

A

Muscle-energising process that uses oxygen

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6
Q

Ambulatory Motor Index

A

Sum of the bilateral muscle strength grades of the hip (flexion, extension, abduction) and knee (flexion and extension)

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7
Q

Amplifier

A

An electronic device used to enlarge the myoelectric signals

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8
Q

Amputation

A

Loss of the distal portion of the limb

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9
Q

Anaerobic

A

Muscle-energising process without the use of oxygen.

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10
Q

Ankle rocker

A

Dorsiflexion at the ankle that contributes to limb progression

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11
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Surgical ablation of joint motion

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12
Q

Automated motion analysis

A

A system that senses and quantifies limb motion without operator intervention

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13
Q

Automated video systems

A

Operator-free motion recording systems that use video as the medium

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14
Q

Bilateral

A

Involving both the right and left limbs

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15
Q

Body weight vector

A

Force line that indicates the mean alignment and magnitude of body weight relative to the joint of interest

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16
Q

Burn

A

Tissue injury from excessive heat

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17
Q

Cadence

A

Step rate per minute

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18
Q

Calcaneus gait

A

Walking primarily on the heels

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19
Q

Calcaneograde

A

Walking on the heel

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20
Q

Calorimetry

A

The measurement of body heat to determine physiological energy expenditure

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21
Q

Cauda equina

A

The group of spinal roots within the vertebral canal that extend below the spinal cord

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22
Q

Center of pressure

A

The location of the mean weight-bearing forces at the foot-floor interface (base of the vector)

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23
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Nonprogressive paralysis resulting from a brain injury near the time of birth

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24
Q

Clubfoot

A

Congenital deformation resulting in twisting of the newborn’s foot in all 3 planes (adduction, inversion, and equinus)

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25
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Shortening of the muscle as it creates its force

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26
Q

Contracture

A

Fibrous connective tissue shortening that causes a loss of normal joint range

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27
Q

Contralateral

A

The opposite side of the body: the other limb

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28
Q

Coronal plane

A

The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves; also known as the frontal plane

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29
Q

Customary walking speed

A

The rate of walking that is voluntarily assumed

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30
Q

Deceleration

A

Slowing or inhibition of the prior rate of motion

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31
Q

Deformity

A

A fixed (static) malalignment of the bone or joint

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32
Q

Degenerative arthritis

A

An older synonym for osteoarthritis. Deterioration of the joint cartilage and bone of nonspecified etiology, often attributed to wear and tear from overuse or maluse

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33
Q

Digigrade

A

Walking on one’s toes

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34
Q

Diplegia

A

Paralysis involving both lower limbs; a cerebral palsy classification

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35
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Movement of the top of the foot toward the anterior surface of the tibia with motion occurring at the ankle

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36
Q

Double stance

A

Stance with both feet in contact with the floor (eg. Initial contact, loading response and pre-swing)

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37
Q

Drop foot

A

Passive equinus, excessive ankle plantar flexion during swing.

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38
Q

Dynamic

A

Active muscular control

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39
Q

Dynamic electromyography

A

Recording of the muscle activation signals during functional activities

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40
Q

Dysvascular amputee

A

An individual with the loss of a limb secondary to circulatory impairment

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41
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening of the contracting muscle due to a higher external load

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42
Q

Efficiency

A

Percentage of energy input that is transformed into useful work

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43
Q

Effort

A

The exertion of a force to either inhibit or create motion

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44
Q

Elastic contracture

A

Fibrous tissue restraint of motion that partially stretches with body weight or a very vigorous manual force

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45
Q

Electrode

A

The devices used to capture the myoelectric signals (e.g. Wire, needle, disc)

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46
Q

Electrogoniometer

A

A device attached to the limb to record joint motion

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47
Q

Electromyography

A

A system for recording the myoelectric signals generated during active muscle contraction

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48
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to perform work

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49
Q

Energy conservation

A

Functional measures used to reduce the energy cost of activity

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50
Q

Equinus

A

A toe-down position of the foot in which the forefoot is lower than the herl

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51
Q

Eversion

A

Lateral tilting of the subtalar joint

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52
Q

Extension

A

A straightening of the limb in which the bones become more parallel; opposite of flexion

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53
Q

Extensor thrust

A

Rapid backward motion at the knee that does not create over hyperextension

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54
Q

Flexed-knee gait

A

Gait in which the knee remains bent throughout stance

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55
Q

Flexion

A

Bending the joint (ie, the distal segment rotates toward the proximal segment)

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56
Q

Filtration (electronic)

A

Electronic exclusion of waveform with a designated frequency

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57
Q

Foot flat

A

Floor contact by both the heel and the forefoot

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58
Q

Foot support patterns

A

The different combinations of floor contact by the heel, medial and lateral metatarsal heads, and great toe

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59
Q

Footswitch

A

A device that measures the time of floor contact by the designated areas of the foot

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60
Q

Force

A

Any influence that causes a change in position or alters the direction of speed of motion

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61
Q

Force plate

A

A platform set on or into the floor that is instrumented to measure the forces imposed on it

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62
Q

Forefoot contact

A

Impact of the forefoot with the floor

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63
Q

Forefoot rocker

A

Progression of the limb (and body) while the forefoot is the pivotal area of support

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64
Q

Fracture

A

Broken bone

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65
Q

Free gait

A

Walking at one’s own spontaneous (customary) rate of travel

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66
Q

Frequency (electronic)

A

A quality of an electronic signal relative to its sine wave content

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67
Q

Frontal plane

A

The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves; also known as the coronal plane

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68
Q

Gait analysis

A

A method for diagnosing the way people walk

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69
Q

Gait cycle

A

A single sequence of events between 2 sequential initial contacts by the same limb

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70
Q

Gait phases

A

The divisions in the walking cycle that represent specific functional patterns

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71
Q

Ground reaction forces

A

The forces recorded by a force plate generated by falling body weight or muscle action as the person walks across the area of the floor

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72
Q

Ground reaction force vector

A

The mean directional and magnitude sum of the force imposed on the ground(floor) for that sample

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73
Q

Hamstrings

A

The posterior thigh muscles extending from the pelvis to the shank (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and long head if the biceps femoris)

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74
Q

HAT

A

Head, arm, neck, and trunk segments that comprise the passenger unit that rides atop the locomotor system

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75
Q

Heel rocker

A

Progression of the limb (and body) while the heel is the pivotal area of support

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76
Q

Heel strike

A

Floor contact with the heel; the normal mode for initiating stance

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77
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body (right or left)

78
Q

Hyperextension

A

Posterior angulation of the joint beyond neutral (ie, excessive extension)

79
Q

Iliotibial band

A

A length of dense fascia on the lateral side of the thigh that extends from the pelvis (crest of the ilium) to the anterior, proximal margin of the tibia

80
Q

Inertia

A

Resistance to initiation or change of motion

81
Q

Initial contact

A

First impact with the floor; the event that begins stance

82
Q

Initial double stance

A

The beginning of stance when both feet are on the floor, equivalent to initial contact and loading response

83
Q

Initial swing

A

The first phase of limb advancement of the foot is lifted from the floor

84
Q

Instrumented walkway

A

A length of flooring that contains sensors to record the floor contact events

85
Q

Inversion

A

Inward tilting of the subtalar joint

86
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body or limb

87
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Muscle action occurring while there is a consistent rate of joint motion

88
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle action that occurs while all joint motion is inhibited

89
Q

Lean

A

Tilt of the trunk away from vertical position (eg, forward, backward, or to the side)

90
Q

Ligamentous skeleton

A

The ligament retained to preserve the natural connections between the bones of the body (or a segment)

91
Q

Limb advancement

A

Forward movement of the unweighted limb; a function of swing

92
Q

Loading response

A

The second phase of the gait cycle; a phase of initial double limb support

93
Q

Locomotor unit

A

The 2 lower limbs and the pelvis that provide the mechanics of walking

94
Q

Lordosis

A

Posterior angulation of the spine in the sagittal plane

95
Q

Low heel contact

A

Floor impact by the heel with the forefoot very close to the floor thus providing a limited heel rocker

96
Q

Markers

A

Balls or disks applied to the skin over designated anatomical landmarks used to designate the segments for remote motion analysis

97
Q

Mid stance

A

The first portion of the single limb support interval

98
Q

Moment

A

The rotational potential of the forces acting on a joint, also called torque

99
Q

Momentum

A

The tendency to remain in motion unless an opposing force is applied

100
Q

Motion analysis

A

A system to define the movement o the different body segments during walking and other functional activities

101
Q

Motor unit

A

The functional neuromuscular unit consisting of the peripheral neuron (cell body, axon, end plate), myoneural junction, and the muscle fibers controlled by the branches of that axon

102
Q

Muscle grade

A

The strength of the muscle designated by the manual muscle test on a scale of 0 (no force produced) to 5 (normal)

103
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

An inherited, progressive disease of the muscle that causes increasing weakness and contracture formation

104
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

A congenital form of paralysis resulting from a spinal cord malformation characterised by failure of neural tube closure

105
Q

Neuron

A

A single nerve fiber consisting of a cell body, axon, and terminal junction

106
Q

Normalization (EMG)

A

Relationship of the raw EMG of an activity to a basic reference EMG (eg, a manual muscle test or the maximum activity recorded during gait)

107
Q

Observational gait analysis

A

Visual definition of an individual’s limb and trunk motions during walking

108
Q

Optoelectrical recording

A

Automated motion analysis using electronic signals (lights) as the land marks

109
Q

Orthosis

A

An external device to provide support that can limit or assist motion

110
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Progressive deterioration of the joint cartilage and bone of nonspecific etiology

111
Q

Oxygen cost

A

The amount if oxygen used per meter walked (millimeters/kilogram of body weight/meter walked)

112
Q

Oxygen pulse

A

The ratio between the amount of oxygen used per minute and heart rate

113
Q

Oxygen rate

A

The amount of oxygen used per minute (millimeters/kilogram/minute)

114
Q

Pantalar fusion

A

Surgical arthrodesis of the ankle, subtalar and mid tarsal joints

115
Q

Parallelogram electrogoniometer

A

A device to measure joint motion that has rectangular shaped arms consisting of 4 linked segments for free-shape changes to accommodate the change in joint axis location

116
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the 2 lower limbs; also referred to as diplegia

117
Q

Passenger unit

A

The composite body mass composed of the head, arm, neck, and trunk segments that rides atop the locomotor system

118
Q

Passive

A

The structure has no means of generating a force, the motion results from an outside source

119
Q

Pass-retract

A

Excessive hip flexion (pass) followed by rapid extension (retract) to provide terminal swing knee extension in the absence of adequate quadriceps

120
Q

Pathokinesiology

A

The science of defining the function of persons with physical impairments

121
Q

Pathological gait

A

An abnormal walking pattern

122
Q

Patterned movement

A

Mass extension or flexion of the limb by primitive locomotor control

123
Q

Peak axial load

A

The maximum vertical force registered during walking

124
Q

Pelvic drop

A

Descent of one side of the pelvis below the neutral axis (zero line)

125
Q

Pelvic hike

A

Elevation of one side of the pelvis above the neutral axis (zero line)

126
Q

Pelvic tilt

A

Angulation (either anterior or posterior) of the pelvis from neutral alignment in the sagittal plane

127
Q

Percent gait cycle

A

The one-hundredth part within one sequence of walking mechanics

128
Q

Perimalleolar muscles

A

The posterior muscles that pass close to the medial and lateral malleoli of the ankle as they extend from their origins on the tibia and fibula to their insertions within the foot (tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, peroneous longus, peroneus brevis)

129
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Movement of the foot away from the anterior surface of the tibia (i.e. Straightening the ankle joint)

130
Q

Plantigrade

A

Simultaneous floor contact by the forefoot and heel

131
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Paralysis caused by a viral invasion of the motor nerve cells in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

132
Q

Power

A

The rate at which work is performed

133
Q

Premature heel rise

A

Elevation of the heel from the floor prior to the onset of terminal stance

134
Q

Pre-swing

A

The last phase of stance that also is the second period of double limb support

135
Q

Primitive locomotor control

A

A simple voluntary source of motion that uses mass extension and mass flexion of the limb joints. It is an extrapyramidal control system.

136
Q

Progression

A

Advancement along the sagittal plane when walking

137
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of both upper and both lower extremities. Also referred to as tetraplegia.

138
Q

Reciprocal gait

A

Alternate function of the right and left limbs.

139
Q

Relative effort

A

Percent of the baseline maximum muscular effort displayed by normalised EMG

140
Q

Repetition rate

A

The number of action potentials occurring per second

141
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption

142
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A systemic inflammatory disease that attacks the joints

143
Q

Rigid contracture

A

Fibrous tissue restraint of joint motion that does not yield under body weight or forceful manual stretching

144
Q

Rotation

A

Motion about a centre point (axis) in which the distal end of the segment travels further than the proximal end

145
Q

Sagittal plane

A

The plane of the body that extends from front to back, parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull

146
Q

Sarcomere

A

The intrinsic contracting (force) unit within a muscle fiber

147
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

148
Q

Selective control

A

Voluntary control that allows individual muscle activation for the appropriate duration and intensity that is functionally required

149
Q

Shock absorption

A

Muscle action that lessens the impact of limb loading by allowing controlled joint motion

150
Q

Shear

A

Sliding displacement parallel with the surface of the joint

151
Q

Single axis

A

Joint movement in one plane

152
Q

Single limb support

A

Full weight-bearing on one lower extremity, corresponding with the phases of mid stance and terminal stance

153
Q

Spasticity

A

An over-reactive response to quick stretch

154
Q

Spirometry

A

Measurement of the amount of air the respiratory system can move (inhale and exhale)

155
Q

Stability

A

Relationship between the body’s centre of mass and the base of support

156
Q

Stance

A

The period in walking when the foot is in contact with the floor. This includes the phases of initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing

157
Q

Static

A

Stationary, nonmoving

158
Q

Steady state

A

Each cycle of function is the same, being free of accelerations or decelerations

159
Q

Step

A

The interval in the gait cycle between initial contact with one foot and then the other foot (ie right to left)

160
Q

Step length

A

The distance between the sequential points of initial contact by the 2 feet

161
Q

Stiff knee gait

A

Significantly limited swing phase knee flexion

162
Q

Stride

A

The interval in the gait cycle between 2 sequential initial contacts with the same foot(i.e, right to right)

163
Q

Stride length

A

The distance between the sequential points of initial contact by the same foot

164
Q

Stride characteristics

A

Measurement of the time and distance qualities of the person’s walk (eg, stride length, cadence, single limb support)

165
Q

Surface electrode

A

Devices applied to the skin surface to sense the underlying electromyography

166
Q

Swing through gait

A

A form of crutch walking that alternates support by both crutches and then by both feet. Progression occurs as the 2 limbs swing through during the crutch support period

167
Q

Symphysis down

A

Anterior tilt of the pelvis that places the symphysis below the neutral resting position

168
Q

Symphysis up

A

Posterior tilt of the pelvis that raises the symphysis above the neutral resting position

169
Q

Swing

A

The period in the gait cycle when the foot is not in contact with the floor. This is made up of initial swing, mid swing and terminal swing

170
Q

Terminal double stance

A

The last phase of stance when both feet are in contact with the floor (ie, pre-swing)

171
Q

Terminal stance

A

The last half of the single limb support period

172
Q

Terminal swing

A

The last third of the limb advancement interval

173
Q

Tetraplegia

A

Paralysis of both upper and both lower extremities. Also referred to as quadriiplegia

174
Q

Time-adjusted EMG quantification

A

The mean electromyographic (muscle activity) profile is located within the mean onset and cessation time of a series of strides

175
Q

Toe drag

A

Advancement of the limb during swing is accompanied by continuing floor contact by the toe

176
Q

Toe rocker

A

Rotation of body weight over the terminal segment of the floor during the final phase of stance

177
Q

Torque

A

The rotational potential of the forces acting on a joint (also called moment)

178
Q

Transverse plane

A

The plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves; also called rhe horizontal plane

179
Q

Trauma

A

Tissue injury by force

180
Q

Treadmill

A

A device with a belt on rollers that allows locomotion (walking or running) in place

181
Q

Trendelenburg limb

A

Trunk lean to the same side as the hip pathology (ie, an ipsilateral lean)

182
Q

Triaxial

A

Movement by a joint in 3 planes

183
Q

Triple arthrodesis

A

Surgical fusion of the hind foot (subtalar, calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints)

184
Q

Unguligrade

A

Tip-toe walking

185
Q

Valgus

A

Lateral angulation of the distal segment of a joint, turning the foot out (a clinical symptom for eversion)

186
Q

Varus

A

Medial angulation of the distal segment of a joint, turning the foot in (a clinical synonym for inversion)

187
Q

Vector

A

The mean weight-bearing line of the body with both magnitude and directional qualities

188
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of walking in a designated direction

189
Q

Video recording

A

A record of a subject’s function that allows observational analysis

190
Q

Weight acceptance

A

The initial period in the gait cycle when body weight is dropped onto the limb. The phases of initial contact and loading response are involved

191
Q

Wire electrode

A

A pair of fine, nylon coated wires with 2mm barbed tips that are inserted within the designated muscle to record the intensity and timing of function

192
Q

Wolf’s law

A

The basic bony structure will be modified by the weight-bearing and muscular forces it experiences

193
Q

Work

A

The product of a force times the distance the force acts

From Flashcardlet (43 decks)

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